Packet Switching in Networking

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Questions and Answers

What allows the same data path to be shared among many users in a packet switched network?

Breaking communication down into packets (correct)

Establishing circuit switched connections

Sending data as one continuous stream

Using a dedicated line for each user

What feature of packet switched networks enables them to recover from damage without significant disruption?

Single source of data transmission

Network intelligence for optimal routing (correct)

Dedicated pathways for each packet

Continuous flow of data without interruptions

How does packet switching improve efficiency compared to circuit switched networks?

By ensuring each packet is sent individually without routing

By requiring dedicated lines for each communication

By depending on the sequence of packet arrival

By allowing multiple messages to be sent simultaneously (correct)

What happens when a packet is lost or damaged in a packet switched network?

Only the missing packet needs to be resent Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the structure of the Internet?

A network of networks that interconnects various systems Signup and view all the answers

What primary function does a Domain Name Server (DNS) serve?

It converts domain names into IP addresses. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of an IP address?

Network and host. Signup and view all the answers

In dotted decimal format, how many digits can each section of an IP address contain?

0 to 255 Signup and view all the answers

What organization is responsible for the global Domain Name System?

ICANN Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of IPv4 addresses?

4.3 billion Signup and view all the answers

How is the IP address 10.1.1.1 represented in binary?

00001010 00000001 00000001 00000001 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Domain Name Server (DNS)?

To convert domain names into IP addresses Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of unique addresses that can be represented in one section of an IP address?

256 Signup and view all the answers

What does ICANN stand for?

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Signup and view all the answers

What happens to data when it is sent over the Internet?

It is broken down into packets Signup and view all the answers

What format separates the four sections of an IP address?

Dots Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is included in the header of an email packet?

The recipient's email address Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a need to transition from IPv4 to IPv6?

IPv6 provides a larger pool of addresses Signup and view all the answers

What is predicted to be the primary connection device to the internet by 2020?

Mobile phones/devices Signup and view all the answers

How does traditional circuit switching operate?

It uses a dedicated physical path for the entire call duration Signup and view all the answers

Which platform had the highest number of monthly active users in January 2018?

Facebook Signup and view all the answers

When data packets arrive at their destination, what happens next?

They are merged and recombined into the original data Signup and view all the answers

How many connected devices were predicted to be in use in 2015?

4.9 Billion Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of businesses were using social media actively in 2018?

90% Signup and view all the answers

What is the actual number of usable IPv4 addresses out of the total?

3.7 billion Signup and view all the answers

What change is predicted for brands redesigning their websites by 2021?

Increase in digital commerce revenue by 30% Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of a computer as described?

To carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations automatically Signup and view all the answers

By which year is it expected that the banking industry will derive $1B in business value from cryptocurrencies?

2020 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of Information Technology?

Entertainment systems Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines Information Technology?

The engineering branch focused on computer and telecom usage to manage data Signup and view all the answers

What major challenge related to AI is highlighted for the year 2020?

Increased fake content generation Signup and view all the answers

What is expected to be the focus of half of all IoT security budgets through 2022?

Fault remediation and safety failures Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Interconnected computer networks' refer to?

A global system of linked computer networks Signup and view all the answers

Which device is considered a high-level view component of a computer?

Operating system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Difference Engine developed by Charles Babbage?

An early mechanical computer designed for calculations Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the IBM 5150 introduced in 1981?

It marked the transition to digital computing Signup and view all the answers

Which integrated circuits can be found in modern computers?

Hybrid circuits that combine analog and digital elements Signup and view all the answers

What major development in Internet technology was introduced in the 1980s?

Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following web advancements occurred in the 1990s?

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the number of Internet users reach the first billion?

2005 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the world population had an Internet connection in 2018?

40% Signup and view all the answers

What impact has the Internet had on the growth of eCommerce?

Enabled global online transactions Signup and view all the answers

What comparison was made regarding the computer in a mobile phone to a computer from MIT in 1965?

1,000,000 times cheaper and 100,000 times smaller Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the first events that marked the beginning of the Internet?

The establishment of ARPANET Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'Web 2.0'?

A shift towards user-generated content and social media Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

International & Access Foundation Programmes

Course: Computer Science
Semester: 1, Part 2
Topic: Introduction to the Internet

What is a Computer?

A computer is a programmable machine designed to carry out arithmetic or logical operations.
A computer is equipment that automatically processes data.

Exercise

Information Technology (IT) is a branch of engineering dealing with computer and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data
IT involves the study, design, development, application, implementation, support, or management of computer-based information systems.
Components of IT include people, procedures, hardware, software, databases, and telecommunications.

Computing Evolution

Computing has developed from analog and physical to electronic and digital.
Key developments include the Difference Engine (1822), the AKAT-1 transistor differential analyzer (1959), the IBM 1401 (1959), IBM 5150 (1981), and the HP Compaq tablet PC (2003).

Binary

All electronic computers function through binary calculations.
Binary calculations use a two-state system (0 and 1).

Basic Model of a Computer

A computer has input (keyboard, mouse), processing (processor chip), and output (monitor, printer) components, along with storage (hard drive, flash memory).

High Level View of a Computer

A higher level view of a computer system shows the computer hardware, operating system, and applications. These components are interconnected and reliant on one another.

The Internet

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks.
The Internet is a network of networks comprising millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks.
The Internet includes documents (WWW), and email.

The History of the Internet

Internet development has progressed chronologically from the ARPANET (1960s), Internet Protocol Suite (1980s), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), HyperText Markup Language (HTML) (1990s), and Web 2.0 (2000s), to more recent developments (like YouTube, online gaming, social media, blogging, online shopping, and banking).

Group Exercise: What do you think "The Internet Means"?

To examine the significance of the Internet through personal experiences, usage, and perspectives.
Four key areas to consider are personal usage scenarios, transformation in work and leisure, personal positive and negative impacts, and foresight in future technological innovation.

Internet Stats 2018

There was approximately 4.15 billion internet users globally in January 2018.
In January 2018, 3.2 billion were also social media users.
2018 data showed 1.8 billion websites.
Over 7.6 billion people were around that time.
2018 saw a tenfold increase in internet users.
China had the most Internet users at 772 million.

Internet Stats 2018 - Internet Users

In 1995, internet connection usage was less than 1%.
Internet users increased tenfold from 1999 to 2013.
The first billion internet users were reached in 2005, second billion in 2010, and the third billion in 2014

Over 3.1 billion social media users were recorded worldwide.
By 2018, Facebook had 2.2 billion monthly active users, and YouTube over 1.5 billion users.
Usage for Instagram was particularly strong in the USA and Spain at 15%.

Internet Stats 2018 - eCommerce

ZenCart was the dominant company at 17% market share in the U.K. in 2018.
Internet users over 133 million were using the Amazon app and over 72 million using the Walmart application in the United States.
13% eCommerce sales increased over 2016.

15 Years of ICT Growth

Mobile telephone subscriptions, mobile broadband subscriptions, using the internet, and fixed broadband subscriptions have shown significant growth.

Broadband increasing Mobile

Use of mobile broadband significantly grew from 2012 to 2017.

Why Do Devices Matter?

Global internet device shipments have grown, evolving from personal computers predominating to smartphones dominating from 2011 onward.

The iPhone Rules Myth?

The prevalence of iPhones has been debated and their share of the mobile market is not as significant as it once was. Other companies (Android phones, Samsung, Huawei, Xiaomi, Oppo, etc.) and others now appear to be quite comparable over time.

Internet Growth

The Internet of Things (IoT) is predicted to exceed 50 billion connected devices by 2020.

Some Other Facts About the Internet

Computers in mobile phones are 1,000,000 times cheaper, 1,000 times more powerful, and 100,000 times smaller than those in 1965
By 2020, mobile phones/devices will be the primary internet connection method.
There were 4.9 billion connected "things" (devices) in use in 2015.

Group Work

Analyze trends relating to technology and internet over the next few years.
Prioritize important segments and future technological advancements.
Assess potential challenges in the development and use.
Form groups of 3 or more and develop ideas.

Gartner Predicts...

Visual and voice search will increase digital commerce by 30% by 2021.
Banking industry will derive $1 Billion from blockchain-based cryptocurrencies in 2020
Al-driven fake content creation will increase by 2020, outpacing detection.
Enterprises will spend more on bots and chatbots than traditional mobile apps in 2021

Internet in Everything

By 2020, IoT technology will be present in 95% of electronics in designs.

Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2019

Categories discussed included intelligent things, augmented analytics using Al for development, digital twins using their features to provide knowledge and awareness, empowered edge with immersive experience, and privacy and ethics, mesh with blockchain, smart spaces with IoT features, and a closing on quantum computing.

Internet Changing History?

Discussion around the history of the internet related to technology.

How Does the Web Work?

The process of typing a web address involves several steps, including finding the correct web server location and sending that request to get the information needed.
A domain name server (DNS) is needed to convert the web address into an IP address.

Webservers

Web servers are rack-mounted computers designed for handling internet requests and data.

Domain Name Server

DNS Servers operate in pairs for redundancy.
DNS servers cache information like pages for faster retrieval.

Where Do You See This in Windows?

Windows systems use a networking component to establish internet connections.
Selecting settings like obtaining an IP address automatically or providing IP and DNS settings.

ICANN

ICANN was established in September 1998; it coordinates databases for IP addresses and the global domain name system.

IP Addresses (IP Version 4)

IP addresses are written in dotted decimal format using four sections separated by dots, with each section between 0 and 255.
IP addresses comprise a network and host portion, using networks to identify wires, and host to identify the device on that wire.

IP Addresses

Computers use 32-bit numbers to represent IP addresses. Using 28, we have a space of 256 numbers to choose from (0 to 255)

Limit of IP v4

IPv4 only supports a maximum of 4.3 billion addresses (although only 3.7 billion are usable), requiring a move to IPv6 to accommodate growth.

How Does the Internet Work?

Data is broken down into packets and routed across networks using headers and destination information.

How Does the Internet Work? Packet Data

Emails are broken into packets which consist of a header (containing vital data like sender, receiver, destination), and data (the email content)

Traditional Circuit Switching

Uses a dedicated physical path to transmit data.
This is inefficient, limiting simultaneous use of the network.

Packet Switching Circuits

Small data units are routed over a network based on destination.
Error checking and disaster tolerance are built into the system to mitigate issues with packet loss or damage.

Why use Packet Data?

Packet data transmission is a more efficient alternative.
Multiple communications can happen simultaneously.
Networks decide the most efficient path and allow damage to part of the network not hindering its operation.

To Recap - The Internet

The global packet switched network breaks data into chunks/packets which are transferred individually and not necessarily along the same pathway.
The Internet is a network of networks.
The World Wide Web uses Internet protocols to send web pages.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts related to packet switched networks, including their structure, efficiency, and error recovery features. Test your knowledge on Domain Name Servers (DNS), IP addresses, and how data is managed in these networks.