30 Questions
What is the primary reason for the intense seismic and volcanic activity along the Pacific Ocean?
The formation of subduction zones
What process occurs when the early-formed minerals are denser than the liquid and sink towards the magma chamber?
Crystal settling
What is the sequence of minerals crystallizing from a magma depicted by?
Bowen's reaction series
What is the result of crystal settling on the remaining melt?
A change in the composition of the remaining melt
What is the process by which one or more secondary magmas form from a single parent magma?
Magmatic differentiation
What is the primary factor that generates magmas?
Increase in temperature
What is the primary factor that prevents magma from reaching the surface?
The weight of the overlying column of rock
What type of magma is more likely to produce an explosive eruption?
Magma with high viscosity and high gas content
What is the term for the environment where marine and non-marine processes interact?
Transitional Environment
What happens to the magma as it rises and encounters less overburden?
The fluid pressure is able to open fractures
What is the characteristic of magma that produces lava fountains and lava flows?
Low viscosity and low gas content
What is the result of pressurized magma breaching the surface?
The creation of a volcanic eruption
What is the primary type of volcanic eruptions that occur at mid-ocean rift systems?
Fissure
What is the term used to describe submerged, flat-topped seamounts that formed from volcanic islands moving away from oceanic ridges or hot spots?
Guyots
What percentage of oceanic volcanism occurs at mid-ocean ridges?
75%
What is the primary location where volcanoes are found?
Along convergent boundaries
What determines the type of magma and consequent type of eruption of a volcano?
Tectonic setting
What are the three types of magma mentioned in the text?
Basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic
What is the primary reason for the sediment to fizz when brought to the ocean surface?
The increase in temperature at the surface causes the sediment to release methane
What is the primary component of the sand used in Portland cement, glass, and animal feed supplements?
Calcium carbonate
What is the primary method used to extract diamonds from offshore gravel deposits?
Dredging using specially designed vessels
What is the purpose of shifting the residual brine from pond to pond during salt evaporation?
To segregate the various salts from one another
What is the primary factor that determines the color of the salt evaporation ponds?
The presence of algae and microorganisms
What percentage of Earth's water is liquid, fresh, and available at the surface for easy use by people?
0.017%
What is the characteristic of the ponds with the highest salinity?
They have a reddish cast
What is the primary mechanism by which ice crystals exclude salt during the freezing method of desalination?
As they form, salt is pushed out of the ice crystals
What is the primary advantage of reverse osmosis desalination over distillation and freezing?
It requires less energy per unit of fresh water produced
What is a key limitation of the semipermeable membranes used in reverse osmosis desalination?
They are fragile and costly
What is the approximate number of desalination plants operating in the world today?
15000
What is a key difference between wind and oil and natural gas as energy resources?
Wind is a renewable resource, whereas oil and natural gas are non-renewable
Explore the Pacific Ring of Fire, a chain of subduction zones responsible for intense seismic and volcanic activity. Learn about the formation of magmas and the processes that trigger volcanic activity.
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