Questions and Answers
What is the inner lining of the heart called?
What are the two layers of the pericardial sac?
Serous layer and fibrous layer
What is the function of the myocardium?
Provides scaffolding for heart chambers and assists in contraction and relaxation
Diastole is the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts.
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Systole is the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes.
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What are arterioles?
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What is the role of veins in the circulatory system?
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What is the primary function of arteries?
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What connects arterioles with venules?
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What percentage of plasma is water?
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What is hemoglobin's role in the blood?
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What is the largest artery in the body?
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What are erythrocytes?
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What are thrombocytes?
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What are leukocytes?
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What is hemophilia?
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What does sickle cell anemia involve?
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What are DVT and pulmonary embolism?
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What occurs during a stroke?
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What is CVA an abbreviation for?
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What does FAST stand for in relation to stroke symptoms?
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What is an aneurysm?
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What is leukemia?
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What is the role of a phlebotomist?
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What does a cardiologist specialize in?
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What does a hematologist study?
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What is an electrocardiogram (EKG)?
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How many red blood cells are in a cubic millimeter of blood?
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What are the names of electrical conductivity components of the heart?
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What type of blood can a person with type O blood donate to?
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The path of a drop of blood through the heart starts at the ______.
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An adult has approximately ______ quarts of blood in their body.
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The bright red color of blood indicates that it is ______.
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Study Notes
Endocardium
- Inner lining of the heart, encompassing both atria, ventricles, and valves.
- Composed of three layers: connective tissue and Purkinje fibers, thin muscle layer, and vascular endothelium.
- Connective tissue anchors it to the myocardium while Purkinje fibers assist in electrical conduction.
Pericardium
- Comprised of two layers: serous and fibrous, encasing the pericardial cavity.
- Contains pericardial fluid for lubrication and protection against infections.
- Fixes the heart position within the mediastinum.
Myocardium
- Middle muscular layer that supports heart chamber shape and function.
- Responsible for contraction and relaxation, facilitating blood movement.
- Conducts electrical stimuli within the heart muscle.
Diastole
- Phase of the heartbeat where the heart muscles relax.
- Allows the heart chambers to fill with blood.
Systole
- Phase of the heartbeat during which heart muscles contract.
- Pumps blood from the heart chambers into arteries.
Arterioles
- Small blood vessels branching from arteries to capillaries.
- Muscular walls creating vascular resistance, essential for nutrient and gas exchange.
- Innervated and responsive to circulating factors for caliber regulation.
Veins
- Blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.
Arteries
- Vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Capillaries
- Connect arterioles and venules, essential for nutrient and gas exchange.
- Have thin walls, allowing easy transfer of oxygen and other nutrients to tissues.
Plasma
- Composed of approximately 90% water with various dissolved substances.
- Maintains blood pressure and body temperature.
- Contains minerals, salts, hormones, and proteins crucial for bodily functions.
Hemoglobin
- A complex protein made of globin and heme that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Gives blood its red color when oxygenated.
Aorta
- Largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle.
- Distributes oxygenated blood throughout the body; branches include coronary arteries.
Erythrocytes
- Red blood cells produced at a rate of about 100 million per minute in bone marrow.
- Function in oxygen transport and removal of carbon dioxide.
Thrombocytes
- Platelets involved in blood clotting and stopping bleeding by clumping.
Leukocytes
- White blood cells that are part of the immune system, critical for fighting infections.
- Derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow.
Hemophilia
- A bleeding disorder that results in delayed blood clotting.
- Complications may arise from spontaneous bleeding or after minor injuries.
Sickle Cell Anemia
- A hereditary condition characterized by abnormal hemoglobin (hemoglobin S).
- Affects red blood cell shape and function in oxygen transport.
DVT and Pulmonary Embolism
- DVT refers to blood clots in deep veins; can lead to pulmonary embolism if dislodged.
- Both conditions categorized under venous thromboembolism (VTE).
Stroke
- Occurs due to disrupted blood flow to the brain, resulting from a clot or vessel rupture.
- Classified into ischemic stroke (blockage) and hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding).
CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident)
- Known as a stroke; brain cells die from lack of oxygen when blood flow is impaired.
FAST
- Acronym for stroke recognition:
- F: Face drooping
- A: Arm weakness
- S: Speech difficulty
- T: Time to call 911.
Aneurysm
- Localized enlargement of an artery due to a weakened wall.
Leukemia
- A cancer affecting blood cells, with abnormal white blood cell production.
- Results in difficulty fighting infections and transporting oxygen due to crowding of healthy cells.
Phlebotomist
- Trained professionals who draw blood for testing, transfusions, and donations.
- Perform procedures called venipunctures.
Cardiologist
- A physician skilled in diagnosing and treating heart and blood vessel diseases.
Hematologist
- Specialist in blood disorders, covering conditions like hemophilia and leukemia.
- Focuses on the physiology and pathology of blood and related organs.
Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG)
- Test assessing heart's electrical activity, represented as waveforms on paper.
Number of Cells in Blood
- Approximately five million red blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood.
Electrical Conductivity of the Heart
- Key components include:
- Sinoatrial (SA) node
- Atrioventricular (AV) node
- Bundle of His
- Bundle branches
- Purkinje fibers
Blood Types and Compatibility
- Type A can donate to A and AB;
- Type B to B and AB;
- Type AB can donate only to AB;
- Type O can donate universally.
Path of Blood Through the Heart
- Blood enters from the superior/inferior vena cava to the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, into the pulmonary valve, and pulmonary artery to the lungs.
- Oxygenated blood returns via pulmonary veins to the left atrium, through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, and into the aorta for distribution.
Blood Volume in Adults
- An adult's body contains approximately 4.7 to 5.5 liters (about 6 quarts) of blood.
Color of Blood
- Bright red color indicates oxygenated blood.
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