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What type of question does the sociological perspective encourage when examining individual experiences?
What concept refers to the observable or intended result of a particular social structure?
Which sociological paradigm focuses on the struggles between different groups over scarce resources?
Which term describes behaviors that disrupt the smooth operation of society?
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What is the primary focus of sociology as a social science discipline?
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In which sociological theory is society viewed as an organism where various parts work together to maintain stability?
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Which major paradigm in sociology examines the ways that social structures influence individual behavior?
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Which group in society does the term 'proletariat' refer to in the context of class conflict?
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Which of the following is an example of a latent function?
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What attitude can hinder the study of cultures according to anthropological perspectives?
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Which stage in Mead's theory signifies that children begin to understand the perspectives of others?
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What is a characteristic feature of cultural relativism in anthropology?
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Which of the following best exemplifies the concept of symbols undergoing a shift in meaning over time?
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According to the perspectives of Charles Cooley, how is self-concept primarily developed?
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What is an example of a social factor that influences society as per the sociological perspective?
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Which of the following is NOT a branch of anthropology?
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What do the core assumptions of the Looking-Glass Self suggest about self-development?
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What best describes the 'I' in Mead's theory of self?
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What is the definition of social problems from a sociological perspective?
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What is a condition defined as a social problem?
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Which of the following statements is a key assumption of Symbolic Interactionism?
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What characterizes the Preparatory Stage in Mead's stages of self-development?
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In what way does George Herbert Mead contribute to understanding self-concept?
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What does social conflict theory primarily analyze?
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Which of the following best defines symbolic interactionism?
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Which sociological perspective emphasizes the subjective meaning individuals attach to their social world?
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According to Symbolic Interactionism, how do we assign meaning to objects?
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Which sociologist is most commonly associated with the concept of the 'looking-glass self'?
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What is the primary focus of structural functionalism?
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Study Notes
Definition of Sociology
- Coined by Auguste Comte in the 1830s, sociology is the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society.
- Focuses on understanding social relationships and how various factors, such as ethnicity, religion, and socio-economic status, shape lives.
The Sociological Perspective
- Emphasizes seeing the general in the particular and the strange in the familiar.
- Encourages critical examination of societal norms and how they evolve over time.
Major Sociological Paradigms
- Structural Functionalism: Introduced by Emile Durkheim, studies society as a complex system where parts work together to promote stability; highlights social structures and their functions.
- Conflict Theory: Developed by Karl Marx, emphasizes the struggle over scarce resources among different groups, dividing society into dominant and oppressed classes.
- Symbolic Interactionism: Coined by Herbert Blumer, focuses on individual interactions and the meanings derived from them; majorly influenced by George Herbert Mead's work on the self.
Social Problems
- Defined as conditions or behaviors that negatively affect large populations, requiring sociological analysis and intervention.
- Explores how social structures contribute to these issues.
The Self from Sociological Perspectives
- Charles Cooley's Looking-Glass Self: Suggests self-concept is shaped by perceived judgments from others, involving imagination of appearance, interpretation of judgments, and emotional response.
- George Herbert Mead's Concept of the Self: Proposes the self develops through social interactions, divided into the spontaneous "I" and socialized "Me," advancing through stages of development: Preparatory, Play, and Game stages.
Definition of Anthropology
- A holistic study of humanity, covering human behavior, culture, societies, biology, and linguistics throughout history.
Branches of Anthropology
- Includes sociocultural, linguistic, biological, and archaeological anthropology, each focusing on different aspects of human life.
The Concept of Culture
- Culture is learned behavior, beliefs, and values specific to a group and characterized by shared attributes.
Defining Features of Culture
- Culture is learned and shared, influencing identity and practices within a society.
Attitudes Hindering Cultural Study
- Ethnocentrism: Belief in the superiority of one’s own culture, leading to the devaluation of other cultures.
- Xenocentrism: Preference for elements of another culture over one’s own, often undermining the value of one's cultural heritage.
Cultural Relativism
- Principle emphasizing understanding cultures on their own terms without judgment, fostering objective analysis and appreciation of diversity.
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