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Questions and Answers

What was one of the actions taken by Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

  • He stationed more missiles in Turkey.
  • He cut diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union.
  • He addressed the American people on TV. (correct)
  • He ordered an immediate invasion of Cuba.

What was the outcome of Khrushchev's actions during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

  • He refused to remove any missiles.
  • He backed down and withdrew missiles from Cuba. (correct)
  • He expanded military presence in Cuba.
  • He launched an attack against the USA.

What promise did Kennedy make concerning Cuba after the crisis?

  • He pledged to supply more weapons to Cuban rebels.
  • He vowed to invade Cuba again within a year.
  • He promised to restore diplomatic relations immediately.
  • He agreed not to invade Cuba. (correct)

Which significant action did the U.S. take several months after the Cuban Missile Crisis?

<p>Removed U.S. missiles from Turkey. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Bay of Pigs incident characterized as?

<p>A military debacle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Berlin Wall intended to do?

<p>Isolate West Berlin from communist-controlled areas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Kennedy order regarding vessels headed for Cuba during the crisis?

<p>They must be searched and turned back if carrying offensive weapons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the U.S. missiles in Turkey represent in the context of the Cold War?

<p>A direct threat to the Soviet Union's interests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Bay of Pigs invasion?

<p>Embarrassment for President John F. Kennedy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the 'freedom ride' organized by black and white foes of segregation in May 1961?

<p>To test federal regulations against discrimination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leader of the Black Muslim movement called for a part of the United States to be set aside exclusively for blacks?

<p>Elijah Muhammad (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary action taken by Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

<p>Blockade Cuba and demand missile removal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the reaction of many ordinary southern blacks towards Martin Luther King Jr.'s nonviolent approach?

<p>They started to question its effectiveness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

<p>Nikita Khrushchev (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the federal government initially respond to the violence faced by freedom riders in Birmingham?

<p>They did not intervene effectively (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Ngo Dinh Diem cancel the nationwide election scheduled for 1956?

<p>To avoid communist victory in the election (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the U.S. under Eisenhower in Vietnam?

<p>To provide military training and weapons to South Vietnam (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one core belief of Elijah Muhammad regarding his followers' attitudes towards whites?

<p>To view all whites with suspicion and hatred (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideology did Malcolm X advocate in relation to the civil rights movement?

<p>Black nationalism and separatism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Ho Chi Minh's strategy differ from Diem's actions in South Vietnam?

<p>Ho Chi Minh consolidated power in the North while advising waiting in the South. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the court cases that followed the freedom rides?

<p>Significant advancements in dismantling local segregation laws (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the Cold War tension during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

<p>Soviet missiles placed close to U.S. borders in Cuba (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Khrushchev's agreement during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

<p>Averting a potential nuclear war (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of black nationalism emerging in the North?

<p>A shift towards more radical approaches within some groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Job Corps under Johnson's Great Society?

<p>To support local antipoverty efforts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic group provided almost unanimous support to Johnson in his 1964 presidential election?

<p>Black voters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Johnson's tax policy influence his presidential campaign in 1964?

<p>It garnered support from the well-to-do and business interests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What alliance did Johnson's War on Poverty hold during his presidency?

<p>Labor groups and traditionally Democratic constituencies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 1964 election, which state did Johnson fail to carry?

<p>Arizona. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What counterbalanced Johnson's liberalism on race among many white Southerners?

<p>His Southern upbringing and background. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the Republican opponent that Johnson faced in the 1964 presidential election?

<p>Barry Goldwater. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the outcome of the 1964 election for Johnson?

<p>He won over 61% of the popular vote and nearly all states. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the riots mentioned in the content?

<p>They led to an increase in suburban migration by whites. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated some Black Power advocates during the racial turmoil?

<p>A desire to establish a separate identity from whites. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'Beats' of the 1950s?

<p>A group of disillusioned poets and musicians rejecting societal norms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major social issue were the Beats of the 1950s appalled by?

<p>Racism and racial injustice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which literary work was published by J.D. Salinger in 1951?

<p>The Catcher in the Rye (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the hippies of the 1960s differ from the Beats of the 1950s?

<p>Hippies were more focused on community living and drug culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one characteristic of the Beats' perception towards activism?

<p>They held a contemptuous view towards political activism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a shared sentiment among the Beats regarding the Vietnam War?

<p>Disdain for politicians and governmental decisions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the psychological impact of the Tet offensive on public opinion in the U.S.?

<p>Led to a significant shift against further escalation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Eugene McCarthy play in the Democratic primaries of 1968?

<p>He polled 42 percent of the Democratic vote in New Hampshire (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which candidate won the California primary in 1968 before his assassination?

<p>Robert Kennedy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Robert Kennedy's candidacy in the primaries?

<p>He was assassinated during a campaign speech (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Vice President Hubert Humphrey's main rival for the Democratic nomination?

<p>Eugene McCarthy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key event prompted President Johnson to withdraw from the 1968 presidential race?

<p>Eugene McCarthy's polling performance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome for the North Vietnamese following the Tet offensive, despite their initial expectations?

<p>They suffered significant casualties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was nominated as Richard Nixon's running mate?

<p>Spiro Agnew (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Soviet Missiles in Turkey

The U.S. had missiles in Turkey that were a part of the Cold War tensions.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A 1962 confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles placed in Cuba.

Kennedy's Naval Blockade

Kennedy ordered the U.S. Navy to stop and search vessels going to Cuba to stop the transport of Soviet offensive weapons.

Khrushchev's Response

Khrushchev backed down, removing missiles and reducing military presence in Cuba.

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Kennedy's Promise

Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba.

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Removal of U.S. Missiles

Later, the U.S. removed its missiles from Turkey.

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Berlin Wall

A barrier built by East Germany to separate West Berlin from East Berlin and East Germany.

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Bay of Pigs Fiasco

A failed U.S.-organized invasion attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba.

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Bay of Pigs Invasion

A failed attempt by Cuban exiles, supported by the U.S., to overthrow Fidel Castro's Cuban government.

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John F. Kennedy

U.S. President during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis.

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Soviet Union

The opposing superpower during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

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Ngo Dinh Diem

South Vietnamese leader during the early Vietnam War.

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Viet Cong

The communist group operating in South Vietnam.

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Vietnam War

A long and costly war in Southeast Asia.

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1956 Election

A nationwide election in Vietnam scheduled for 1956 but cancelled by Ngo Dinh Diem.

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Freedom Rides

Organized efforts by black and white activists to test federal regulations prohibiting segregation in interstate transportation.

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Birmingham Mob Violence

Freedom Riders faced violent attacks by groups in Birmingham, Alabama.

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Interstate Transport

Travel between different states.

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Black Nationalism

A movement where some African Americans sought complete separation from white society.

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Elijah Muhammad

Leader of the Black Muslim movement.

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Malcolm X

Prominent Black Muslim leader advocating separatism.

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Southern African Americans' Impatience

Growing frustration amongst Southern blacks with the slow pace of change and non-violent approaches to segregation.

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King's Nonviolent Approach

Strategy of nonviolent resistance advocated by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.,

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Job Corps

A program created during the Great Society era that aimed to train unemployed individuals and provide financial aid to small businesses in poverty-stricken areas.

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Community Action Programs

Local initiatives funded by the Great Society to address poverty in specific areas.

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Johnson's 1964 Presidential Election

Lyndon B. Johnson ran for president in 1964, capitalizing on his civil rights advocacy, economic policies, and the popularity of his 'War on Poverty' programs. He won a landslide victory, securing over 61% of the popular vote.

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Johnson's Support: Civil Rights

Johnson's commitment to civil rights garnered him wide support from the African American community.

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Johnson's Support: Tax Policy

Johnson's tax policies attracted support from the wealthy and corporations.

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Johnson's Support: 'War on Poverty'

Johnson's 'War on Poverty' resonated with labor unions and traditional Democratic voters.

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Johnson's Southern Appeal

Despite his liberal stance on race, Johnson's southern roots appealed to many white Southerners.

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1964 Election Results

Johnson's victory was overwhelming, with him securing a majority of the popular vote and winning all but a few southern states.

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Ghetto Riots

These riots occurred in the 1960s and were often focused on the poor conditions of marginalized communities. They were a symbol of the simmering resentment towards systemic racism and a reflection of the frustration of the Black community.

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Black Power Advocacy

This movement arose in the 1960s and promoted self-determination and racial pride among Black people. Its focus on self-reliance and separation from white society led to the formation of groups like the Black Panthers.

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Black Panthers

A revolutionary group that emerged in the 1960s. They advocated for Black empowerment through self-defense, community organizing, and the establishment of independent institutions.

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Beat Movement

This countercultural movement of the 1950s rejected traditional societal values and embraced alternative lifestyles. Writers like Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg expressed their critiques of materialism and conformity through literature.

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Hippies

This countercultural group emerged in the 1960s, known for their embrace of pacifism, psychedelic drugs, and a rejection of mainstream consumerism. They sought alternative ways of living, often in communes, and advocated for peace and social change.

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What factors contributed to the rise of Black Power Advocacy in the 1960s?

The rise of Black Power Advocacy was fueled by the persistence of segregation and discrimination, the growing frustrations of the Civil Rights Movement, and the emergence of new political and social consciousness. Key factors included the disappointment with the pace of racial progress, the growing awareness of systemic racism, and the desire for self-determination.

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How did the Beats of the 1950s differ from the Hippies of the 1960s?

The Beats of the 1950s, while critical of conformity and materialism, were generally disengaged from activism. They sought personal liberation through artistic expression and nonconforming lifestyle. In contrast, the Hippies of the 1960s, drawing from the Beat ethos, embraced activism, campaigning for peace, social change, and environmentalism. They sought to overturn dominant social norms through collective action.

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Tet Offensive

A series of surprise attacks launched by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces against South Vietnamese cities and military bases during the Lunar New Year (Tet). Although initially successful, the Tet Offensive ultimately failed to achieve its objectives and led to a shift in public opinion against the Vietnam War.

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Tet Offensive's Psychological Impact

Despite being a military defeat for the Communists, the Tet Offensive had a significant psychological impact on both South Vietnam and the United States. The American people, who had been previously optimistic about the war effort, were shocked by the North Vietnamese forces' capability and determination, leading to widespread disillusionment and anti-war sentiments.

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Eugene McCarthy

A Democratic Senator from Minnesota who challenged incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1968 presidential primaries. McCarthy's anti-war stance gained him significant support, especially among younger voters, and he unexpectedly won the New Hampshire primary, forcing Johnson to reconsider his re-election bid.

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Robert Kennedy's Candidacy

After McCarthy's success in New Hampshire, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, brother of the assassinated President John F. Kennedy, announced his own candidacy for the Democratic nomination. Kennedy's entry into the race further divided the Democratic party and fueled public debate about the Vietnam War.

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President Johnson's Withdrawal

In the wake of the Tet Offensive and growing anti-war sentiment, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that he would not seek re-election in 1968. Johnson's decision marked a turning point in the war and the political landscape, opening the door for new candidates and a more intense debate about the war's future.

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Humphrey's Candidacy

Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Johnson's chosen successor, campaigned on a platform of continuing the war effort but also emphasizing a commitment to peace negotiations. However, his close association with Johnson and the war made it difficult for him to win over anti-war voters who favored McCarthy or Kennedy.

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Richard Nixon's Nomination

Richard Nixon, who had lost the presidential election of 1960 to John F. Kennedy, emerged as the Republican nominee in 1968. Nixon ran on a platform of law and order and promised to bring an end to the Vietnam War, resonating with voters weary of the war and the social unrest of the time.

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Spiro Agnew's Selection

Nixon chose Spiro Agnew, the Governor of Maryland, as his running mate in the 1968 election. Agnew, a conservative Republican, was seen as a strong voice against the counterculture and social unrest of the time, appealing to both conservative voters and those who were concerned about law and order.

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Study Notes

Chapter 29: From Camelot to Watergate (1961-1975)

  •  Kennedy's administration, known as "Camelot," had a youthful and scholarly senior staff, including McGeorge Bundy and Robert McNamara.
  •  Kennedy challenged communist aggression globally, establishing the Peace Corps.
  •  The Bay of Pigs invasion, a 1961 attempt to overthrow Castro by Cuban exiles, failed spectacularly.
  •  The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) saw the US and USSR on the brink of nuclear war.
  •  JFK's Vietnam War: Diem canceled elections, US sent weapons and advisors to support the South Vietnamese army. By May 1959, Vietcong guerrillas had infiltrated villages and controlled large sections of the countryside. 
  •  By summer 1963 Diem's regime was tottering due to Buddhist protests and Kennedy supported Diem's overthrow.
  •  In November 1963, several Vietnamese generals overthrew and killed Diem.
  •  Civil rights movement: CORE, SNCC, and freedom rides tested federal regulations against discrimination in interstate transport.
  •  Black nationalism became a potent force, with leaders like Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X advocating for separation.
  •  JFK was assassinated in 1963.
  •  LBJ's Great Society: LBJ, who became president after JFK's death, championed social welfare legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (outlawing discrimination), and programs like Medicare.
  •  Johnson escalated the Vietnam War. The situation deteriorated after Diem's assassination, and Johnson felt compelled to support South Vietnam. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution gave LBJ significant power to escalate the war.
  •  1964 saw Kennedy's tax cut enacted.
  •  1965 saw the Economic Opportunity Act and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.
  •  The Voting Rights Act of 1965 provided federal intervention to protect black registration and voting rights.
  •  The Cambodian "Incursion" (1970): Nixon announced troop withdrawals, but secretly bombed Cambodia and faced widespread protests.
  •  Nixon's Vietnamization strategy aimed to build up South Vietnamese forces while gradually withdrawing U.S. troops.
  •  The My Lai Massacre (1970) revealed atrocities and heightened public dissent.
  •  Nixon's domestic policies included ending wage and price controls, reducing social welfare spending, and decentralizing government programs.
  •  The Watergate Break-in and Cover-up: in 1972, members of CREEP broke into Democratic headquarters at the Watergate, leading to accusations of involvement, hush money, and a cover-up from Nixon.
  •  Watergate scandal led to the resignation of many high-ranking officials, including Nixon.
  •  The Supreme Court ruled that Nixon must hand over tapes related to the scandal.
  •  Nixon was forced to resign in 1974.
  •  Ford became president and pardoned Nixon.

Nixon as President: "Vietnamizing" the War

  • Nixon attempted to end the Vietnam War through a phased withdrawal and the strengthening of South Vietnamese forces.
  •  Reports of civilian massacres, such as My Lai, heightened the war's controversy.

Détente with Communism

  • Nixon and Kissinger sought to ease tensions with communist powers.
  •  Relationships with China and the Soviet Union were improved.
  •  The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) was signed, limiting nuclear weapons production.

The Election of 1968

  • Opposition to the Vietnam War grew significantly, influencing the presidential election.
  •  Key figures like Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy challenged the incumbent President.
  •  Major events like the Tet Offensive affected public opinion, leading to President Johnson's decision not to run for reelection.
  •  Nixon's victory was a result of a combination of factors, including a well-organized campaign and a polarized electorate.

The Watergate Break-in and Cover-up

  • Nixon administration officials' attempted cover-up of a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters, leading to a major political crisis.
  •  Evidence of illegal activities and abuse of power (including obstruction of justice) forced Nixon to resign.

The Judgment on Watergate: "Expletive Deleted"

  • Supreme Court compelled Nixon to release tapes related to the scandal, exposing his involvement and leading to impeachment proceedings.
  • Significant public criticism and political turmoil resulted from the scandal.
  • Nixon's resignation marked the end of an era in American politics, with extensive effects on the public's trust in political leaders.

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