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What was one of the actions taken by Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
What was one of the actions taken by Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
What was the outcome of Khrushchev's actions during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
What was the outcome of Khrushchev's actions during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
What promise did Kennedy make concerning Cuba after the crisis?
What promise did Kennedy make concerning Cuba after the crisis?
Which significant action did the U.S. take several months after the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Which significant action did the U.S. take several months after the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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What was the Bay of Pigs incident characterized as?
What was the Bay of Pigs incident characterized as?
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What was the Berlin Wall intended to do?
What was the Berlin Wall intended to do?
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What did Kennedy order regarding vessels headed for Cuba during the crisis?
What did Kennedy order regarding vessels headed for Cuba during the crisis?
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What did the U.S. missiles in Turkey represent in the context of the Cold War?
What did the U.S. missiles in Turkey represent in the context of the Cold War?
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What was a significant outcome of the Bay of Pigs invasion?
What was a significant outcome of the Bay of Pigs invasion?
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What was the primary goal of the 'freedom ride' organized by black and white foes of segregation in May 1961?
What was the primary goal of the 'freedom ride' organized by black and white foes of segregation in May 1961?
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Which leader of the Black Muslim movement called for a part of the United States to be set aside exclusively for blacks?
Which leader of the Black Muslim movement called for a part of the United States to be set aside exclusively for blacks?
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What was the primary action taken by Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
What was the primary action taken by Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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What was the reaction of many ordinary southern blacks towards Martin Luther King Jr.'s nonviolent approach?
What was the reaction of many ordinary southern blacks towards Martin Luther King Jr.'s nonviolent approach?
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Who was the Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Who was the Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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How did the federal government initially respond to the violence faced by freedom riders in Birmingham?
How did the federal government initially respond to the violence faced by freedom riders in Birmingham?
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Why did Ngo Dinh Diem cancel the nationwide election scheduled for 1956?
Why did Ngo Dinh Diem cancel the nationwide election scheduled for 1956?
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What was the role of the U.S. under Eisenhower in Vietnam?
What was the role of the U.S. under Eisenhower in Vietnam?
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What was one core belief of Elijah Muhammad regarding his followers' attitudes towards whites?
What was one core belief of Elijah Muhammad regarding his followers' attitudes towards whites?
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What ideology did Malcolm X advocate in relation to the civil rights movement?
What ideology did Malcolm X advocate in relation to the civil rights movement?
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How did Ho Chi Minh's strategy differ from Diem's actions in South Vietnam?
How did Ho Chi Minh's strategy differ from Diem's actions in South Vietnam?
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What was the result of the court cases that followed the freedom rides?
What was the result of the court cases that followed the freedom rides?
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What was the main reason for the Cold War tension during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
What was the main reason for the Cold War tension during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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What was the outcome of Khrushchev's agreement during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
What was the outcome of Khrushchev's agreement during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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What was a significant consequence of black nationalism emerging in the North?
What was a significant consequence of black nationalism emerging in the North?
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What was the primary purpose of the Job Corps under Johnson's Great Society?
What was the primary purpose of the Job Corps under Johnson's Great Society?
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Which demographic group provided almost unanimous support to Johnson in his 1964 presidential election?
Which demographic group provided almost unanimous support to Johnson in his 1964 presidential election?
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How did Johnson's tax policy influence his presidential campaign in 1964?
How did Johnson's tax policy influence his presidential campaign in 1964?
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What alliance did Johnson's War on Poverty hold during his presidency?
What alliance did Johnson's War on Poverty hold during his presidency?
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In the 1964 election, which state did Johnson fail to carry?
In the 1964 election, which state did Johnson fail to carry?
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What counterbalanced Johnson's liberalism on race among many white Southerners?
What counterbalanced Johnson's liberalism on race among many white Southerners?
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Who was the Republican opponent that Johnson faced in the 1964 presidential election?
Who was the Republican opponent that Johnson faced in the 1964 presidential election?
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Which of the following best describes the outcome of the 1964 election for Johnson?
Which of the following best describes the outcome of the 1964 election for Johnson?
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What was a significant outcome of the riots mentioned in the content?
What was a significant outcome of the riots mentioned in the content?
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What motivated some Black Power advocates during the racial turmoil?
What motivated some Black Power advocates during the racial turmoil?
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Which of the following best describes the 'Beats' of the 1950s?
Which of the following best describes the 'Beats' of the 1950s?
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What major social issue were the Beats of the 1950s appalled by?
What major social issue were the Beats of the 1950s appalled by?
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Which literary work was published by J.D. Salinger in 1951?
Which literary work was published by J.D. Salinger in 1951?
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How did the hippies of the 1960s differ from the Beats of the 1950s?
How did the hippies of the 1960s differ from the Beats of the 1950s?
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What was one characteristic of the Beats' perception towards activism?
What was one characteristic of the Beats' perception towards activism?
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What was a shared sentiment among the Beats regarding the Vietnam War?
What was a shared sentiment among the Beats regarding the Vietnam War?
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What was the psychological impact of the Tet offensive on public opinion in the U.S.?
What was the psychological impact of the Tet offensive on public opinion in the U.S.?
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What role did Eugene McCarthy play in the Democratic primaries of 1968?
What role did Eugene McCarthy play in the Democratic primaries of 1968?
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Which candidate won the California primary in 1968 before his assassination?
Which candidate won the California primary in 1968 before his assassination?
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What was the outcome of Robert Kennedy's candidacy in the primaries?
What was the outcome of Robert Kennedy's candidacy in the primaries?
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Who was Vice President Hubert Humphrey's main rival for the Democratic nomination?
Who was Vice President Hubert Humphrey's main rival for the Democratic nomination?
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What key event prompted President Johnson to withdraw from the 1968 presidential race?
What key event prompted President Johnson to withdraw from the 1968 presidential race?
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What was the outcome for the North Vietnamese following the Tet offensive, despite their initial expectations?
What was the outcome for the North Vietnamese following the Tet offensive, despite their initial expectations?
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Who was nominated as Richard Nixon's running mate?
Who was nominated as Richard Nixon's running mate?
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Study Notes
Chapter 29: From Camelot to Watergate (1961-1975)
- Kennedy's administration, known as "Camelot," had a youthful and scholarly senior staff, including McGeorge Bundy and Robert McNamara.
- Kennedy challenged communist aggression globally, establishing the Peace Corps.
- The Bay of Pigs invasion, a 1961 attempt to overthrow Castro by Cuban exiles, failed spectacularly.
- The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) saw the US and USSR on the brink of nuclear war.
- JFK's Vietnam War: Diem canceled elections, US sent weapons and advisors to support the South Vietnamese army. By May 1959, Vietcong guerrillas had infiltrated villages and controlled large sections of the countryside.
- By summer 1963 Diem's regime was tottering due to Buddhist protests and Kennedy supported Diem's overthrow.
- In November 1963, several Vietnamese generals overthrew and killed Diem.
- Civil rights movement: CORE, SNCC, and freedom rides tested federal regulations against discrimination in interstate transport.
- Black nationalism became a potent force, with leaders like Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X advocating for separation.
- JFK was assassinated in 1963.
- LBJ's Great Society: LBJ, who became president after JFK's death, championed social welfare legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (outlawing discrimination), and programs like Medicare.
- Johnson escalated the Vietnam War. The situation deteriorated after Diem's assassination, and Johnson felt compelled to support South Vietnam. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution gave LBJ significant power to escalate the war.
- 1964 saw Kennedy's tax cut enacted.
- 1965 saw the Economic Opportunity Act and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.
- The Voting Rights Act of 1965 provided federal intervention to protect black registration and voting rights.
- The Cambodian "Incursion" (1970): Nixon announced troop withdrawals, but secretly bombed Cambodia and faced widespread protests.
- Nixon's Vietnamization strategy aimed to build up South Vietnamese forces while gradually withdrawing U.S. troops.
- The My Lai Massacre (1970) revealed atrocities and heightened public dissent.
- Nixon's domestic policies included ending wage and price controls, reducing social welfare spending, and decentralizing government programs.
- The Watergate Break-in and Cover-up: in 1972, members of CREEP broke into Democratic headquarters at the Watergate, leading to accusations of involvement, hush money, and a cover-up from Nixon.
- Watergate scandal led to the resignation of many high-ranking officials, including Nixon.
- The Supreme Court ruled that Nixon must hand over tapes related to the scandal.
- Nixon was forced to resign in 1974.
- Ford became president and pardoned Nixon.
Nixon as President: "Vietnamizing" the War
- Nixon attempted to end the Vietnam War through a phased withdrawal and the strengthening of South Vietnamese forces.
- Reports of civilian massacres, such as My Lai, heightened the war's controversy.
Détente with Communism
- Nixon and Kissinger sought to ease tensions with communist powers.
- Relationships with China and the Soviet Union were improved.
- The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) was signed, limiting nuclear weapons production.
The Election of 1968
- Opposition to the Vietnam War grew significantly, influencing the presidential election.
- Key figures like Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy challenged the incumbent President.
- Major events like the Tet Offensive affected public opinion, leading to President Johnson's decision not to run for reelection.
- Nixon's victory was a result of a combination of factors, including a well-organized campaign and a polarized electorate.
The Watergate Break-in and Cover-up
- Nixon administration officials' attempted cover-up of a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters, leading to a major political crisis.
- Evidence of illegal activities and abuse of power (including obstruction of justice) forced Nixon to resign.
The Judgment on Watergate: "Expletive Deleted"
- Supreme Court compelled Nixon to release tapes related to the scandal, exposing his involvement and leading to impeachment proceedings.
- Significant public criticism and political turmoil resulted from the scandal.
- Nixon's resignation marked the end of an era in American politics, with extensive effects on the public's trust in political leaders.
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