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Questions and Answers

What functional category does NOT apply to mosque typology?

  • Community Center
  • Memorial
  • Collegiate
  • Processional (correct)

Which factor primarily influences the geographic or cultural typology of mosques?

  • Architectural materials used
  • Cultural and historical context (correct)
  • Size of the congregation
  • Local weather conditions

In the context of mosque architecture, what is the primary axis that dictates the directionality of prayer?

  • Qibla axis (correct)
  • Liturgical axis
  • Vertical axis
  • Transversal axis

What is the purpose of having liturgical furniture in specific positions within a mosque?

<p>To regulate crowd management according to liturgical needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What architectural feature is emphasized for the officiant during a radial liturgy in a mosque?

<p>Visibility and audibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes a Jāmi Masjid?

<p>It is the equivalent of a cathedral. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which design challenge must mosque architects address regarding the first row of worshippers?

<p>Balancing proximity and audibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the morphology of liturgical action influence mosque design?

<p>It affects the overall shape and typology of the mosque. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a kursi in a mosque?

<p>To hold the Qur'an and offer a space for cantors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of electronics in modern mosques affect traditional features?

<p>They replace the need for traditional liturgical furniture like the dikka (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which item is specifically designed to ensure the Qur'an is treated with respect?

<p>Kursi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that a kursi is more functional than liturgical in its role?

<p>It is commonly used for reading and instruction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of cantors in mosques, particularly within educational settings?

<p>To instruct students in proper Qur'an recitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What affects the aesthetic significance of a mosque according to the content?

<p>The combination of architecture and musical elements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a dikka and how has its role changed in modern mosques?

<p>A segment for reading scripture, now obsolete due to technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of seating is commonly found in the mosque to support the reverence of the Qur'an?

<p>Folding stools (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a jāmi masjid?

<p>To host Friday services and sermons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which piece of furniture is essential in a jāmi masjid for delivering sermons?

<p>Minbar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the role of the imam during the Friday service differ from daily prayers?

<p>He combines delivering the sermon and leading the prayer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of a masjid compared to a jāmi masjid?

<p>A masjid is not used for Friday worship (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'masjid' literally translates to what in English?

<p>Place of prostration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical influence shaped the architectural structure of early jāmi' mosques?

<p>The construction methods of the Prophet's Mosque (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary content focus of sermons in early Islamic times?

<p>Political matters and community governance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the minbar in a jāmi masjid from Christian liturgical furniture?

<p>It serves a dual purpose for addressing and leading prayers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Kursī

A moveable wooden lectern in a mosque, used for the cantor to kneel during services and optionally hold a Qur'an.

Dikka

A specific type of lectern, often associated with a 15th-century ruler in Egypt, but mostly absent in modern mosques.

Mosque Qur'ans

Large Qur'ans, sometimes requiring multiple people to carry, used in mosque services.

Cantors

Individuals in mosques responsible for reciting or reading the Qur'an; assigned to educational facilities or mausoleums to teach or benefit the deceased.

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Quasi-Liturgical items

Additional items in mosques beyond essential parts like the mihrab and dikka.

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Mihrab

A niche in a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca.

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Folding Stools

Used to keep Qur'ans off the floor in a mosque out of respect.

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Masjid

A small mosque primarily used for daily prayers.

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Jami' Masjid

A large mosque for Friday prayers, featuring a sermon.

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Mihrab

A niche in a mosque indicating the direction of Mecca.

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Minbar

A pulpit in a Jami' Masjid, used for the Friday sermon.

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Imam Khatib

A prayer leader who delivers the sermon in a Jami' masjid.

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Friday Prayer

A communal prayer held in a Jami' masjid, followed by a sermon.

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Hypostyle Hall

A large hall with many columns supporting the roof, common in early Jami' mosques.

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Jami' mosque and Friday service

Jami'mosques are designed for larger groups, mainly for Friday prayers and sermons.

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Mosque Liturgical Furniture

The architecture and furniture of mosques have specific structures and functions linked to the ritual prayers, especially in Friday prayer.

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Congregational factor in mosque design

The way a mosque is designed to manage a large crowd during religious services, considering the specific needs of the liturgy.

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Liturgical furniture placement

Specific locations of liturgical items in a mosque are connected to the overall structure of the service.

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Mosque typology

Classifying mosques based on their function (e.g., collegiate, memorial) and location/culture (e.g., Iranian, Seljuk).

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Directionality of prayer (qibla)

The orientation of a mosque (and the worshippers) towards Mecca, a crucial aspect of Islamic prayer.

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Radial liturgy

A liturgical system where worshippers are arranged around a central point (e.g., the officiant in a mosque).

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Primary liturgical axis (qibla)

The main axis in a mosque, aligned with the direction of Mecca, crucial for prayer orientation.

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Transversal axis

An axis in a mosque that extends across the building perpendicular to the qibla, related to the arrangement of worshippers.

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Conflicting principles in mosque design

Balancing the need to accommodate many worshippers in the front row with having the officiant visible and audible to all.

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Successful mosque design

A design that effectively reconciles conflicting principles, creating harmony and balance in the mosque structure for effective worship by the congregants.

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Study Notes

Funerary Gardens in Islam

  • Gardens are important symbols in Islam, representing Paradise.
  • Examples include the tomb of Humayun in Delhi (1555-65).
  • Gardens are central to burials, marking focal points where the axes intersect.

Mosque Design

  • Mosque design is based on verses in the Quran.
  • The second verse describes the turning of faces in prayer towards the Kaaba in Mecca.
  • The mosque of Qiblatayn in Medina, marked a shift in prayer direction from Jerusalem to Mecca.
  • The qibla axis is the central axis of the mosque, pointing towards Mecca.
  • The mihrab is a niche in the qibla wall, marking the direction of prayer.
  • Early mosques lacked a mihrab; a stone on the floor marked the prayer direction.

Islamic Empire Prayer

  • Prayer is a fundamental aspect of Islam.
  • Prayer involves specific physical postures and movements.
  • Prayers are performed at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and evening.
  • There's a Friday congregational prayer and prayers on major festivals.
  • Pilgrimage is a significant congregation.

Mosque Features

  • Minarets were originally developed for the call to prayer.
  • Early minarets resembled the towers of Christian churches but were designed for the acoustic purposes of the call to prayer.
  • Domes, while not liturgically important in early mosques, evolved to cover the sanctuary.
  • Domes were used to express the concept of heaven.
  • Ablution fountains were an integral part of mosques.

Liturgical Furniture

  • Pulpits (minbars) are frequently carved from wood or marble.
  • They are centrally located in mosques.
  • Pulpits have specific meanings as symbols of authority and rank.
  • Lectterns (kursīs) for holding the Qur'an are also important parts of mosques.

Madrasas

  • Madrasas are educational institutions in Islam.
  • Early madrasas were modeled after the house/courtyard of the Prophet.
  • Madrasas played a crucial role in the transmission of Islamic knowledge and the upholding of orthodoxy.
  • Madrasa architecture combined functional design and aesthetic principles.

Monastic Mosques

  • Khānaqahs are monastic mosques.
  • Khānaqahs developed alongside specific Sufi orders.
  • Khānaqahs are designed for the practice of spiritual seclusion and study as well as for the expression of Sufi ideals.
  • Architectural elements—ceilings, walls, and floors are features of khānaqāhs.

Mausoleums and Tombs

  • Mausoleums and tombs are intimately connected to Islamic identity.
  • Important Islamic leaders are often buried in mosques.
  • Graves and tombs are places for veneration and expressions of faith.
  • Decorations and architecture convey the religious significance of the tomb.

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