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Questions and Answers

What does HMAC stand for?

  • Hash-based Message Authentication Code (correct)
  • Hashing Machine Algorithm Code
  • High-level Message Authentication Code
  • High-speed Message Authentication Code

    • What is a good hash function characterized by?

    Collision resistant, preimage resistant, second preimage resistant

    What does the Merkle-Damgard construction involve?

    s_i+1 = f(s_i, B_i)

    A length extension attack allows for the computation of a hash for a longer message given the hash of a shorter message.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Bleichenbacher's Attack related to?

    <p>Forging RSA signatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does integrity refer to in the context of data?

    <p>The idea that a message has not been altered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is SQL injection?

    <p>Adding SQL statements into an entry field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CSRF stand for?

    <p>Cross-Site Request Forgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is XSS?

    <p>Cross-Site Scripting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the same origin policy?

    <p>A web browser security measure that restricts how a document or script can interact with resources from another origin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cipher is the Vigenere Cipher?

    <p>Repetitive Caesar ciphers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a rainbow table?

    <p>A speed and memory efficient structure for cracking hashed passwords.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does TCP stand for?

    <p>Transmission Control Protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does UDP stand for?

    <p>User Datagram Protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is aircrack-ng?

    <p>A tool that cracks wireless passwords.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does airodump-ng do?

    <p>Captures wireless network traffic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is nmap used for?

    <p>Network exploration and port scanning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tcpdump do?

    <p>Captures network traffic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Wireshark?

    <p>A graphical network traffic analysis tool.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the command 'ssh' do?

    <p>Allows logging into servers remotely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does SCP stand for?

    <p>Secure Copy Protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you break into a wireless network?

    <p>Use airodump-ng to capture the 4-way handshake, then use aircrack-ng to crack the WiFi password.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you find a server on a wireless network and gain access?

    <p>Use nmap to find hosts and open ports, then use hydra to crack the SSH password.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command is used to disassemble a function in GDB?

    <p>disas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ebp stand for?

    <p>Base Pointer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does esp stand for?

    <p>Stack Pointer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does eip stand for?

    <p>Instruction Pointer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a stack frame contain?

    <p>Arguments, return address, previous base pointer, local variables, esp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ASLR stand for?

    <p>Address Space Layout Randomization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    HMAC

    • Pseudo-random function combining a key and a message hash for authentication.
    • Structure: H((key) || H((key) || message)).
    • Provides integrity and authentication through an outer hash that masks an inner hash.

    Good Hash Function

    • Collision Resistant: Difficulty in finding two different inputs with the same hash output.
    • Preimage Resistant: Challenging to reverse-engineer an input given its hash.
    • Second Preimage Resistant: Given a specific input, finding a different input with the same hash output is hard.

    Merkle-Damgård Construction

    • Sequential block chaining is executed as: s_i+1 = f(s_i, B_i).
    • Each computational step incorporates the previous state, allowing blocks to be added iteratively.

    Length Extension Attack

    • Given a hash of a message, it's possible to compute the hash for a longer message without knowing the original content.

    Bleichenbacher's Attack

    • RSA padding adds complexity to signature forgery.
    • Involves a specific format with a specified number of FF bytes to be validated.
    • If failure to validate these bytes occurs, "garbage" bytes can facilitate forgery under certain conditions.

    Integrity

    • The assurance that a message remains unchanged during transmission or at rest.

    SQL Injection

    • The insertion of malicious SQL statements into input fields can compromise database integrity.
    • Prepared statements are a primary defense against this vulnerability.

    CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery)

    • Attack tricking users into sending requests without their knowledge to a different site.
    • Implemented defense uses anti-CSRF tokens (csrf_token).

    XSS (Cross Site Scripting)

    • Injection of malicious JavaScript into a web application.
    • Defense requires proper data sanitization before processing.

    Same Origin Policy

    • Security measure that restricts how documents or scripts from different origins can interact.
    • Scripts from one web page can only access data from another if they share the same origin.

    Vigenère Cipher

    • A method utilizing repetitive Caesar ciphers based on keyword sequences.
    • Breakable by analyzing repeating sequences and using letter frequency analysis to determine shifts.

    Rainbow Table

    • Efficient structure for cracking hashed passwords by storing initial and final hashes only.
    • Utilizes reduction functions to transform hashes into new passwords sequentially.

    TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

    • Reliable protocol ensuring ordered and error-checked data transmission.
    • Generally slower than UDP due to its reliability mechanisms.

    UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

    • Connectionless protocol allowing faster data transmission without guaranteed delivery.
    • Lacks error recovery, making it less reliable than TCP.

    Aircrack-ng

    • Toolset designed to crack wireless network passwords.

    Aireplay-ng

    • Utility for injecting wireless packets, capable of replaying captured packets and deauthenticating clients.

    Airodump-ng

    • Captures and dumps wireless network traffic, allowing packet filtering by specific targets.

    Nmap

    • Network exploration and port scanning tool to identify hosts, detect open ports, and potentially ascertain software versions.

    Tcpdump

    • Command-line network traffic analysis tool that captures packets for saving to a file.

    Wireshark

    • Graphical interface for analyzing captured network traffic from tools like Tcpdump.

    SSH (Secure Shell)

    • Protocol for secure remote server logins.

    SCP (Secure Copy)

    • Means of securely copying files between systems over an SSH connection.

    Breaking into Wireless Network

    • Capturing a four-way handshake via airodump-ng to utilize with aircrack-ng for password recovery.

    Gaining Server Access on Wireless Network

    • Employing nmap to discover hosts and open ports; using Hydra for SSH password cracking to gain entry.

    GDB Commands

    • Disassemble functions using disas.
    • Memory examination can be done through commands like x/ (e.g., x/1wx $ebp).

    EBP (Base Pointer)

    • Stores the previous base pointer and points to local variables within the current stack frame.

    ESP (Stack Pointer)

    • Indicates the end of the current stack, managing stack operations.

    EIP (Instruction Pointer)

    • Points to the next instruction to execute in the program's instruction sequence.

    Stack Frame

    • Contains arguments, return addresses, previous base pointer, local variables, and is managed by the stack pointer.

    ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization)

    • Security technique that randomizes the memory address space of a process to enhance security against memory corruption attacks.

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