Oxygenation and Respiratory Terminology

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Questions and Answers

Which symptom is characteristic of emphysema?

Barrel chest (correct)

Chronic productive cough

Purulent sputum

Cyanosis

What is a common psychosocial impact associated with COPD?

Euphoria

Increased social interactions

Depression (correct)

Elated mood

Which of the following is NOT typically used in the long-term management of COPD?

Corticosteroids

Nebulizer treatments

IV fluids (correct)

Oxygen therapy

What position may patients with emphysema adopt to help with breathing?

Tripod position Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for PaCO2 levels in arterial blood gas measurements for COPD patients?

38-42 mmHG Signup and view all the answers

What role do the alveoli play in the respiratory system?

They serve as the endpoint for gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes hypoventilation?

Shallow breathing with decreased respiratory rate and increased CO2. Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of prolonged stress on respiratory function?

It raises blood pressure and cortisol levels. Signup and view all the answers

Which sign or symptom is commonly associated with hypoxemia?

Clubbing of the fingers or toes. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does hyperventilation have on the blood's pH?

It raises the pH due to decreased carbon dioxide levels. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is considered non-modifiable regarding respiratory health?

Age and family history. Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of environmental factors like pollution impact oxygenation?

It can impair the lungs' ability to oxygenate the blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of perfusion in the context of oxygenation?

The delivery of oxygenated blood to organs and tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Which solution could cause a cell to swell and potentially burst?

D5% + 0.45% Normal Saline Solution Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by low serum potassium levels?

Muscle cramps and weakness Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte imbalance poses the highest risk for life-threatening dysrhythmias?

Hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

What scenario could lead to hypokalemia in a patient?

Diarrhea and diuresis Signup and view all the answers

What term can be used to describe a solution that is less concentrated than the cytoplasm of a cell?

Hypotonic Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of hypokalemia?

Flat T-wave on ECG Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is least associated with hypokalemia?

Fever Signup and view all the answers

What is a common nursing intervention for a patient with hypokalemia?

Administer potassium supplements Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of hypervolemia in cardiovascular assessment?

Bounding pulses Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid is classified as isotonic and is commonly used for fluid resuscitation?

Normal saline (0.9% NS) Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely symptom of hypovolemia that affects skin condition?

Changes in skin turgor Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may lead to hypervolemia?

Cardiovascular disease Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes hypertonic solutions in relation to cellular impact?

The cell would shrink due to fluid leaving Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with hypervolemia?

Decreased blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is a key intervention for managing hypovolemia?

Encourage fluid intake Signup and view all the answers

Which factor could potentially cause dehydration in elderly individuals?

Decreased sense of thirst Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Oxygenation

Lungs oxygenate the body and remove CO2
Alveoli perform gas exchange
Alveoli are the endpoint of the respiratory system, exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood stream
Oxygenation can be affected by illnesses and conditions that affect ventilation, perfusion, and gas exchange
These alterations can cause hyperventilation, hypoventilation, and hypoxia.

Terminology

Ventilation: the flow of air in and out of the alveoli. Oxygen enters, carbon dioxide exits.
Hyperventilation: low CO2, increased breathing rate/depth, causes blood pH to raise, leading to alkalosis.
Hypoventilation: high CO2, shallow/slow breathing, causes blood pH to decrease, leading to acidosis.

Hypoxia

Lack of oxygen in body tissues
Causes include: low RBC count, decreased diffusion, COPD, pneumonia, poor tissue perfusion, decreased ventilation, high altitudes, COPD, asthma, medications that reduce respiratory rate, and anemia
Signs/symptoms are not explicitly listed but likely related to decreased oxygen supply to tissues.

COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Progressive lung disease
Causes persistent air flow obstruction, diagnosed with PFT
Patients hospitalized for exacerbation of COPD
Modifiable risk factors include: diet (low sodium, high fiber, omega-3 fatty acids), exercise (30-60 minutes daily), and avoiding smoking.
Non-modifiable risk factors: age, family history.
Signs/symptoms: difficulty breathing, cyanosis, clubbing of fingers/toes, barrel chest, delayed capillary refill (>3 seconds), wheezing, rhonchi (rattling noise).

Recurring Infections

Risk for recurrent infections can be associated with COPD
Other conditions can progress to CHF, pulmonary hypertension, depression, and psychosocial impact.

Emphysema – Pink Puffer

Barrel chest
Pursed lip breathing
Improves air exchange
Strengthens lungs
Cachexia (weakness/wasting) from chronic illness
Pink skin
Accessory muscle use
Hypercapnia
Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Crackles + wheezes
Fatigue

Chronic Bronchitis – Blue Bloater

Chronic productive cough
Purulent sputum
Cyanosis
Obesity
Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Crackles + wheezes
Fatigue

Medical Diagnostic Testing

Chest X-ray
Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Measure O2 and CO2 in the blood
Medical treatment and long-term management for chronic conditions.
Nebulizer treatments

Fluid and Electrolytes

Osmosis: Water moves from higher concentrations to lower concentrations of solutes.
Hypervolemia: Excess fluid, solutes are diluted
Hypovolemia: Not enough fluid, solutes increase

Fluid and Electrolyte Causes

Malnutrition
Interstitial fluid shift
SIADH
Excess fluid or sodium intake

FVD - Hypovolemia & Dehydration

Causes: excessive diaphoresis, vomiting, fever, frequent urination, lack of fluid intake, medications, diabetes, and pregnancy.
Signs/symptoms: Changes in skin turgor, skin tenting, dry skin, sticky/dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, weak/diminished pulse, postural hypotension (drop in BP when standing quickly).

IV fluid tonicity

How IV fluids change cells. Isotonic fluids have equal concentrations within and outside cells, so there is no fluid shift. Hypertonic have more concentration outside the cells so draw water out of cells. Hypotonic have less concentration outside the cells so water is drawn into cells.

Additional Notes and Questions

There may be some overlap amongst some of the conditions and symptoms in the different sections.
Specific causes of illness, conditions, and symptoms are not always explicitly stated or explored in depth.
More information about the questions is not available in the provided material.

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of oxygenation, including the roles of the lungs and alveoli in gas exchange. This quiz covers important terminology related to ventilation, hyperventilation, hypoventilation, and hypoxia, along with their effects on the body. Test your understanding of how various conditions can impact respiratory function.