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Questions and Answers
What is the primary chemical stimulus that regulates breathing?
What is the primary chemical stimulus that regulates breathing?
What effect does increased cardiac output have during exercise?
What effect does increased cardiac output have during exercise?
Which of the following describes the function of afferent input in the respiratory control center?
Which of the following describes the function of afferent input in the respiratory control center?
Which option accurately describes the role of central and peripheral chemoreceptors?
Which option accurately describes the role of central and peripheral chemoreceptors?
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What happens to ventilation in a trained individual compared to an untrained individual during exercise?
What happens to ventilation in a trained individual compared to an untrained individual during exercise?
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What percentage of oxygen is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin?
What percentage of oxygen is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin?
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What happens to oxygen release from hemoglobin during acute exercise?
What happens to oxygen release from hemoglobin during acute exercise?
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What is the primary form in which oxygen is transported in the blood?
What is the primary form in which oxygen is transported in the blood?
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What is the effect of lower pH on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
What is the effect of lower pH on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
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How many oxygen molecules can bind to one hemoglobin molecule?
How many oxygen molecules can bind to one hemoglobin molecule?
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At rest, what percentage of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is typically dropped off to tissues?
At rest, what percentage of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is typically dropped off to tissues?
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What is the primary reason for not releasing all the oxygen at rest?
What is the primary reason for not releasing all the oxygen at rest?
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What characterizes the oxyhemoglobin curve at the highest partial pressure of oxygen?
What characterizes the oxyhemoglobin curve at the highest partial pressure of oxygen?
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What is one of the main functions of the bicarbonate system in the blood?
What is one of the main functions of the bicarbonate system in the blood?
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What occurs to PCO2 during the transition from rest to work in exercise?
What occurs to PCO2 during the transition from rest to work in exercise?
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How does increased temperature affect ventilation during prolonged steady-state exercise?
How does increased temperature affect ventilation during prolonged steady-state exercise?
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What is the ventilatory threshold (Tvent)?
What is the ventilatory threshold (Tvent)?
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What is the effect of chronic exercise training on ventilatory threshold?
What is the effect of chronic exercise training on ventilatory threshold?
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What happens to pH levels during incremental exercise?
What happens to pH levels during incremental exercise?
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What triggers increased ventilation rates when pH drops?
What triggers increased ventilation rates when pH drops?
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Why does PO2 slightly decrease during the transition from rest to exercise?
Why does PO2 slightly decrease during the transition from rest to exercise?
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What effect does an increase in temperature have on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
What effect does an increase in temperature have on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
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Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to a rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to a rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
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When does myoglobin primarily release oxygen?
When does myoglobin primarily release oxygen?
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What percentage of CO2 dissolves in the plasma from the skeletal muscle?
What percentage of CO2 dissolves in the plasma from the skeletal muscle?
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What is the function of carbonic anhydrase in the context of CO2 transport?
What is the function of carbonic anhydrase in the context of CO2 transport?
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What happens to bicarbonate ions when they move out of red blood cells?
What happens to bicarbonate ions when they move out of red blood cells?
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How is the majority of CO2 transported from the working skeletal muscle to the lung?
How is the majority of CO2 transported from the working skeletal muscle to the lung?
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What is the net effect of carbon dioxide and water reacting in the bicarbonate system?
What is the net effect of carbon dioxide and water reacting in the bicarbonate system?
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Study Notes
Oxygen Transport and Regulation
- Oxygen is transported through the blood, primarily bound to hemoglobin (Hb) at approximately 99%.
- Oxyhemoglobin is oxygen bound to Hb; deoxyhemoglobin is when oxygen is not bound.
- Hemoglobin carries four oxygen molecules.
- The percentage of oxygen saturation of Hb at rest after perfusion of skeletal muscle is 75%.
- The oxyhemoglobin curve describes the binding of oxygen to Hb.
- The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli capillaries (100 mmHg) is critical for oxygen binding to Hb.
- At rest, 100 mmHg is the highest partial pressure of oxygen in the body.
- The partial pressure of oxygen at rest is 40 mmHg.
- Only 25% of oxygen bound to Hb is released at rest. This is to match the need for oxygen with the production.
- Exercise increases the rate at which oxygen is released to meet higher demand.
- Exercise causes a steeper and more rapid release of oxygen from hemoglobin..
Acid-Base Balance
- Blood becomes more acidic during exercise.
- More acidic blood leads to a rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, promoting the release of more oxygen to the tissues.
- A decline in pH during exercise increases the amount of oxygen released to the working muscles.
Temperature
- An elevated temperature during exercise causes a rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, promoting the release of more oxygen to the tissues.
- This shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve facilitates the release of oxygen for muscular activity
Myoglobin
- Myoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein found in skeletal muscle.
- It acts as a storage site for oxygen.
- Myoglobin releases oxygen quickly when oxygen levels are low, such as during exercise.
Carbon Dioxide Transport
- 10% of CO2 is dissolved in plasma.
- 20% is bound to hemoglobin.
- 70% is transported in the blood as bicarbonate.
- Bicarbonate is produced in red blood cells (RBCs).
- Carbon dioxide converted to bicarbonate to move out of RBC to plasma to be exhaled in the lung.
- The bicarbonate buffer system helps regulate pH.
- High blood CO2 shifts the bicarbonate buffer system to release more CO2.
Ventilatory Control
- PCO2 is the primary driver of ventilation.
- Increased PCO2 stimulates an increase in ventilation rate.
- Ventilation increases to match the increased need for oxygen associated with exercise.
- Exercise intensity causes an exponential increase in ventilation rate.
- Ventilatory threshold (VT) is the point where ventilation increases rapidly.
- Ventilatory threshold occurs at or slightly before lactic acid build up.
- Additional chemical signals such as hydrogen ions also play roles in regulating ventilation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the transport of oxygen in the blood and the regulation of acid-base balance during exercise. This quiz covers key concepts like hemoglobin function, oxygen saturation, and the effects of physical activity on oxygen release. Challenge yourself to understand how these processes interact in the human body.