Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the active phase of ventilation known as?
What is the active phase of ventilation known as?
- Expiration
- Inspiration (correct)
- Perfusion
- Respiration
Gas exchange in the respiratory system occurs primarily through which process?
Gas exchange in the respiratory system occurs primarily through which process?
- Diffusion (correct)
- Perfusion
- Respiration
- Ventilation
What factors influence the diffusion of gases in the lungs?
What factors influence the diffusion of gases in the lungs?
- Temperature of inspired air
- Respiratory rate
- Thickening of alveolar-capillary membrane (correct)
- Change in heart rate
Which diagnostic study involves inserting a tube through the nose or mouth to view the airways and lungs?
Which diagnostic study involves inserting a tube through the nose or mouth to view the airways and lungs?
What is measured to assess how well your blood is carrying oxygen?
What is measured to assess how well your blood is carrying oxygen?
Which method provides a precise measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body?
Which method provides a precise measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body?
Which radiological study is commonly used for assessing lung conditions like pneumonia or lung nodules?
Which radiological study is commonly used for assessing lung conditions like pneumonia or lung nodules?
Which component is responsible for warming, filtering, and humidifying inspired air?
Which component is responsible for warming, filtering, and humidifying inspired air?
What is the main function of the lower airway components?
What is the main function of the lower airway components?
How many lobes does the right lung have?
How many lobes does the right lung have?
Which component is a main organ of respiration?
Which component is a main organ of respiration?
What does the alveolar system consist of?
What does the alveolar system consist of?
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for the production of pulmonary surfactant?
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for the production of pulmonary surfactant?
What is the primary function of the upper airway components?
What is the primary function of the upper airway components?
What is the purpose of a Venturi mask?
What is the purpose of a Venturi mask?
Which device is placed directly into the trachea to establish an airway?
Which device is placed directly into the trachea to establish an airway?
What is a major precaution to be followed while using oxygen delivery systems?
What is a major precaution to be followed while using oxygen delivery systems?
Which part of the heart forces blood out of the heart through the arteries?
Which part of the heart forces blood out of the heart through the arteries?
What is the function of an oropharyngeal airway?
What is the function of an oropharyngeal airway?
LMA (laryngeal mask airway) is an example of which type of artificial airway?
LMA (laryngeal mask airway) is an example of which type of artificial airway?
Partial rebreather mask differs from Nonrebreather mask in that it:
Partial rebreather mask differs from Nonrebreather mask in that it:
What is the formula to calculate cardiac output (CO)?
What is the formula to calculate cardiac output (CO)?
What does systole refer to in the context of the cardiovascular system?
What does systole refer to in the context of the cardiovascular system?
Which factor affects cardiac output by representing the volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole?
Which factor affects cardiac output by representing the volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole?
What is the function of baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system?
What is the function of baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system?
Which age-related change contributes to increased systolic blood pressure (SBP)?
Which age-related change contributes to increased systolic blood pressure (SBP)?
What diagnostic study is commonly used to assess cardiovascular function by monitoring heart activity over a period of time?
What diagnostic study is commonly used to assess cardiovascular function by monitoring heart activity over a period of time?
Which biomarker is commonly associated with heart failure and can assist in diagnosis and management?
Which biomarker is commonly associated with heart failure and can assist in diagnosis and management?
'Orthostatic hypotension' is a condition associated with:
'Orthostatic hypotension' is a condition associated with:
Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume (SV) by heart rate (HR).
Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume (SV) by heart rate (HR).
Systole refers to the relaxation of the heart muscle.
Systole refers to the relaxation of the heart muscle.
Blood pressure is calculated by multiplying cardiac output (CO) by systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
Blood pressure is calculated by multiplying cardiac output (CO) by systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
Baroreceptors are part of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of the cardiovascular system.
Baroreceptors are part of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of the cardiovascular system.
Orthostatic hypotension is a condition where blood pressure increases when changing positions.
Orthostatic hypotension is a condition where blood pressure increases when changing positions.
A Holter monitor is used for assessing lung conditions like pneumonia.
A Holter monitor is used for assessing lung conditions like pneumonia.
Blood vessels become thicker and more elastic with age.
Blood vessels become thicker and more elastic with age.
Cardiac catheterization is a diagnostic study that involves inserting a tube through the nose or mouth to view the airways and lungs.
Cardiac catheterization is a diagnostic study that involves inserting a tube through the nose or mouth to view the airways and lungs.
Venous valves can become incompetent with age.
Venous valves can become incompetent with age.
Decreased number and function of β-adrenergic receptors are age-related changes in the cardiovascular system.
Decreased number and function of β-adrenergic receptors are age-related changes in the cardiovascular system.
What is the normal range for PaO2 in arterial blood?
What is the normal range for PaO2 in arterial blood?
Which condition is characterized by the signs and symptoms of inadequate oxygenation not measured by a lab value?
Which condition is characterized by the signs and symptoms of inadequate oxygenation not measured by a lab value?
What are common clinical manifestations of pneumonia?
What are common clinical manifestations of pneumonia?
What risk factors for pneumonia does D.T. have based on the given information?
What risk factors for pneumonia does D.T. have based on the given information?
What type of pneumonia is D.T. likely exhibiting based on the chest x-ray findings?
What type of pneumonia is D.T. likely exhibiting based on the chest x-ray findings?
What action should be prioritized for D.T. based on the O2 saturation level provided in the scenario?
What action should be prioritized for D.T. based on the O2 saturation level provided in the scenario?
What is a common risk factor for both Coronary Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
What is a common risk factor for both Coronary Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
How does Pursed Lip Breathing (PLB) benefit patients with COPD?
How does Pursed Lip Breathing (PLB) benefit patients with COPD?
What diagnostic test confirms the diagnosis of COPD?
What diagnostic test confirms the diagnosis of COPD?
Which modifiable risk factor is NOT associated with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
Which modifiable risk factor is NOT associated with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
Gdzie dokładnie odbywa się wymiana gazowa w płucach?
Gdzie dokładnie odbywa się wymiana gazowa w płucach?
Jakie funkcje pełni tchawica w układzie oddechowym?
Jakie funkcje pełni tchawica w układzie oddechowym?
Które struktury odpowiadają za przenikanie tlenu i dwutlenku węgla między układem oddechowym a krwioobiegiem?
Które struktury odpowiadają za przenikanie tlenu i dwutlenku węgla między układem oddechowym a krwioobiegiem?
Gdzie znajdują się naczynia włosowate oddzielające ściany pęcherzyków płucnych?
Gdzie znajdują się naczynia włosowate oddzielające ściany pęcherzyków płucnych?
Co dzieje się z cząstkami dwutlenku węgla podczas wydechu?
Co dzieje się z cząstkami dwutlenku węgla podczas wydechu?
Jakie struktury transportują tlen i dwutlenek węgla między układem oddechowym a krwią?
Jakie struktury transportują tlen i dwutlenek węgla między układem oddechowym a krwią?
Flashcards are hidden until you start studying
Study Notes
Essential Factors for Normal Respiratory System Functioning
- Integrity of the airway system
- Properly functioning alveolar system
- Properly functioning cardiovascular and hematologic systems
Upper Airway Components
- Nose: warm, filter, and humidify inspired air
- Pharynx: shared passageway for food and air
- Larynx: contains vocal cords
- Epiglottis: separates trachea from esophagus
Lower Airway Components
- Trachea: conduction of air, mucociliary clearance, and production of pulmonary surfactant
- Right and left mainstem bronchi: branch into smaller bronchi
- Segmental bronchi: divide into smaller bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles: lead to alveoli
Anatomy of the Lungs
- Right lung: 3 lobes, extends from base of diaphragm to apex above the first rib
- Left lung: 2 lobes, extends from base of diaphragm to apex above the first rib
- Lungs composed of elastic tissue (alveoli, surfactant, pleura)
Pulmonary Ventilation
- Inspiration: active phase of ventilation, breathing in
- Expiration: passive phase of ventilation, breathing out
Gas Exchange (Respiration)
- Refers to the intake of O2 and release of CO2
- Made possible by respiration and perfusion
- Occurs via diffusion (movement of O2 and CO2 between air and blood)
Factors Influencing Diffusion of Gases in the Lungs
- Change in surface area available
- Thickening of alveolar-capillary membrane
- Partial pressure
Assessment of Gas Transfer
- ABGs (arterial blood gases): provide info on acid-base status, pH of blood, and oxygen/carbon dioxide levels
- Pulse Oximetry: % Hgb saturated with O2, SpO2 (94-100%)
- Other methods: sputum, thoracentesis, skin tests, PFTs, diagnostic studies
Respiratory Assessment
- Subjective: patient's symptoms and history
- Objective: physical exam, diagnostic tests, and studies
Oxygen Delivery Systems
- Nasal cannula
- Nasopharyngeal catheter
- Transtracheal catheter
- Simple mask
- Partial rebreather mask
- Nonrebreather mask
- Venturi mask
Precautions with O2
- No flames, smoking
- Check electrical equipment
- Avoid synthetics, oils (spontaneous ignition)
Artificial Airways
- Oropharyngeal airway
- Nasopharyngeal airway
- Endotracheal tube
- Tracheostomy tube
- LMA (laryngeal mask airway)
Geriatric Specific Variations
- Structural changes: decreased lung elasticity, stiffening of chest wall
- Defense mechanisms: decreased cough reflex, impaired mucociliary clearance
- Respiratory control: decreased respiratory drive, blunted response to hypoxia
Cardiovascular System
- Vital for exchange of gases
- Cone-shaped, muscular pump, divided into four hollow chambers
- Blood flow: upper chambers (atria) receive blood from veins, lower chambers (ventricles) force blood out of the heart through arteries
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
