Oxygen Delivery Systems and Artificial Airways Quiz

55 Questions

What is the active phase of ventilation known as?

Inspiration

Gas exchange in the respiratory system occurs primarily through which process?

Diffusion

What factors influence the diffusion of gases in the lungs?

Thickening of alveolar-capillary membrane

Which diagnostic study involves inserting a tube through the nose or mouth to view the airways and lungs?

Bronchoscopy

What is measured to assess how well your blood is carrying oxygen?

SpO2

Which method provides a precise measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body?

ABGs

Which radiological study is commonly used for assessing lung conditions like pneumonia or lung nodules?

CT scan

Which component is responsible for warming, filtering, and humidifying inspired air?

Nose

What is the main function of the lower airway components?

Conduction of air

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Which component is a main organ of respiration?

Trachea

What does the alveolar system consist of?

Alveoli

Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for the production of pulmonary surfactant?

Alveoli

What is the primary function of the upper airway components?

Filtering and warming inspired air

What is the purpose of a Venturi mask?

To administer oxygen with precise oxygen concentrations by controlling the air entrainment system.

Which device is placed directly into the trachea to establish an airway?

Endotracheal tube

What is a major precaution to be followed while using oxygen delivery systems?

Using synthetic materials around oxygen equipment

Which part of the heart forces blood out of the heart through the arteries?

Ventricles

What is the function of an oropharyngeal airway?

To bypass the upper airway obstruction and provide a passage for air

LMA (laryngeal mask airway) is an example of which type of artificial airway?

Endotracheal tube

Partial rebreather mask differs from Nonrebreather mask in that it:

Utilizes a reservoir bag that must be inflated prior to each breath

What is the formula to calculate cardiac output (CO)?

CO = SV x HR

What does systole refer to in the context of the cardiovascular system?

Contraction of heart muscle

Which factor affects cardiac output by representing the volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole?

Preload

What is the function of baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system?

Detect changes in blood pressure

Which age-related change contributes to increased systolic blood pressure (SBP)?

Decreased elastin in blood vessels

What diagnostic study is commonly used to assess cardiovascular function by monitoring heart activity over a period of time?

Holter monitor

Which biomarker is commonly associated with heart failure and can assist in diagnosis and management?

Troponin

'Orthostatic hypotension' is a condition associated with:

'Dizziness upon standing' due to sudden drop in blood pressure

Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume (SV) by heart rate (HR).

True

Systole refers to the relaxation of the heart muscle.

False

Blood pressure is calculated by multiplying cardiac output (CO) by systemic vascular resistance (SVR).

False

Baroreceptors are part of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of the cardiovascular system.

True

Orthostatic hypotension is a condition where blood pressure increases when changing positions.

False

A Holter monitor is used for assessing lung conditions like pneumonia.

False

Blood vessels become thicker and more elastic with age.

False

Cardiac catheterization is a diagnostic study that involves inserting a tube through the nose or mouth to view the airways and lungs.

False

Venous valves can become incompetent with age.

True

Decreased number and function of β-adrenergic receptors are age-related changes in the cardiovascular system.

True

What is the normal range for PaO2 in arterial blood?

80-100 mm Hg

Which condition is characterized by the signs and symptoms of inadequate oxygenation not measured by a lab value?

Hypoxia

What are common clinical manifestations of pneumonia?

Confusion and hypothermia in older adults

What risk factors for pneumonia does D.T. have based on the given information?

Age and history of mild heart failure

What type of pneumonia is D.T. likely exhibiting based on the chest x-ray findings?

Lobar pneumonia

What action should be prioritized for D.T. based on the O2 saturation level provided in the scenario?

Providing supplemental oxygen

What is a common risk factor for both Coronary Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

Smoking tobacco

How does Pursed Lip Breathing (PLB) benefit patients with COPD?

Prevents bronchiolar collapse

What diagnostic test confirms the diagnosis of COPD?

Spirometry

Which modifiable risk factor is NOT associated with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

Age

Gdzie dokładnie odbywa się wymiana gazowa w płucach?

W pęcherzykach płucnych

Jakie funkcje pełni tchawica w układzie oddechowym?

Chroni płuca przed skręcaniem

Które struktury odpowiadają za przenikanie tlenu i dwutlenku węgla między układem oddechowym a krwioobiegiem?

Naczynia włosowate pęcherzyków płucnych

Gdzie znajdują się naczynia włosowate oddzielające ściany pęcherzyków płucnych?

W pęcherzykach płucnych

Co dzieje się z cząstkami dwutlenku węgla podczas wydechu?

Są wypychane z ciała

Jakie struktury transportują tlen i dwutlenek węgla między układem oddechowym a krwią?

Czerwone krwinki

Study Notes

Essential Factors for Normal Respiratory System Functioning

Integrity of the airway system
Properly functioning alveolar system
Properly functioning cardiovascular and hematologic systems

Upper Airway Components

Nose: warm, filter, and humidify inspired air
Pharynx: shared passageway for food and air
Larynx: contains vocal cords
Epiglottis: separates trachea from esophagus

Lower Airway Components

Trachea: conduction of air, mucociliary clearance, and production of pulmonary surfactant
Right and left mainstem bronchi: branch into smaller bronchi
Segmental bronchi: divide into smaller bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles: lead to alveoli

Anatomy of the Lungs

Right lung: 3 lobes, extends from base of diaphragm to apex above the first rib
Left lung: 2 lobes, extends from base of diaphragm to apex above the first rib
Lungs composed of elastic tissue (alveoli, surfactant, pleura)

Pulmonary Ventilation

Inspiration: active phase of ventilation, breathing in
Expiration: passive phase of ventilation, breathing out

Gas Exchange (Respiration)

Refers to the intake of O2 and release of CO2
Made possible by respiration and perfusion
Occurs via diffusion (movement of O2 and CO2 between air and blood)

Factors Influencing Diffusion of Gases in the Lungs

Change in surface area available
Thickening of alveolar-capillary membrane
Partial pressure

Assessment of Gas Transfer

ABGs (arterial blood gases): provide info on acid-base status, pH of blood, and oxygen/carbon dioxide levels
Pulse Oximetry: % Hgb saturated with O2, SpO2 (94-100%)
Other methods: sputum, thoracentesis, skin tests, PFTs, diagnostic studies

Respiratory Assessment

Subjective: patient's symptoms and history
Objective: physical exam, diagnostic tests, and studies