Oxidative Stress and Cell Damage

What is the outcome of hyperplasia when the underlying stimulus is removed?

Spontaneous cell death
Immediate transition to dysplasia
Complete reversal of cellular changes (correct)
Prolonged persistence of adapted cells

What is the primary driver of cellular changes from one adult/mature cell type to another?

Chronic inflammation
Acute injury
Genetic mutation
Chronic irritation or stress (correct)

What is the term for abnormal changes in the size, shape, or organization of cells?

Metaplasia
Dysplasia (correct)
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia

What is the primary purpose of Pap Smears?

To detect abnormal cellular changes in the cervix (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of smoking on the respiratory lining in the airway?

Replacement of normal cells with cells better suited for handling smoking (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of DNA damage on cell function?

Impaired cell function and increased risk of mutations (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of protein p53 in response to DNA damage?

Stopping the cell cycle to allow time for DNA repair (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a free radical?

Having an unpaired electron in its outer shell (C) Signup and view all the answers

Phagolysosomes can be described as cellular structures that

engulf and digest foreign particles (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of free radicals on cells?

Causing damage to cells and tissues (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why can cancer cells continue to divide with damaged DNA?

They lack functional p53 proteins (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of necrotic cell death?

Cell swelling, membrane rupture, and inflammation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Phagolysosomes play a role in which part of the immune system's defense mechanism?

Breakdown and destruction of foreign particles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals?

ROS are a type of free radical (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

Necrosis is uncontrolled, while apoptosis is controlled (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cells that undergo necrosis?

They swell due to the influx of water and ions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of excessive free radicals in the body?

Cell damage and DNA disruption (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key contributor to membrane damage?

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What can disrupt cellular functions and signaling pathways within cells?

Imbalances in calcium levels (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of membrane damage?

Disrupted cellular function and communication (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to membrane damage?

Increased phospholipid production (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a cell?

To synthesize and fold proteins (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of high calcium levels in a cell?

Activation of enzymes that can harm the cell (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a misfolded protein in a cell?

It is targeted for destruction through ubiquination (A) Signup and view all the answers

Oxidative Stress and Cell Damage

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