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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of anchoring junctions in multicellular organisms?
What is the primary function of anchoring junctions in multicellular organisms?
Multicellularity allows cells to specialize in functions and increases efficiency.
Multicellularity allows cells to specialize in functions and increases efficiency.
True
What is homeostasis in the context of cellular function?
What is homeostasis in the context of cellular function?
Maintaining a stable internal environment for cells.
In multicellular organisms, __________ facilitate communication between cells.
In multicellular organisms, __________ facilitate communication between cells.
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Match the following functions with their corresponding biological processes:
Match the following functions with their corresponding biological processes:
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of multicellularity?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of multicellularity?
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Smaller animals have a lower basal metabolic rate compared to larger animals.
Smaller animals have a lower basal metabolic rate compared to larger animals.
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What is the primary process for reproducing unicellular organisms?
What is the primary process for reproducing unicellular organisms?
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What initial development makes more sense if mitochondria provided energy for organelle formation?
What initial development makes more sense if mitochondria provided energy for organelle formation?
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Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells.
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What are the two primary theories that explain the origin of complex multicellularity?
What are the two primary theories that explain the origin of complex multicellularity?
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The __________ occurs when an organism can produce its own energy through photosynthesis.
The __________ occurs when an organism can produce its own energy through photosynthesis.
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Match the following terms related to cellular structures and functions:
Match the following terms related to cellular structures and functions:
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Which of the following processes allows for the exchange across a membrane more effectively?
Which of the following processes allows for the exchange across a membrane more effectively?
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Algae like Volvox function as individual organisms rather than collective units.
Algae like Volvox function as individual organisms rather than collective units.
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What relationship does the cube-square phenomenon illustrate in growth?
What relationship does the cube-square phenomenon illustrate in growth?
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Which of the following structures are part of the cytoskeleton?
Which of the following structures are part of the cytoskeleton?
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Eukaryotic cells contain 70s ribosomes.
Eukaryotic cells contain 70s ribosomes.
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What are the two main functions of the endomembrane system?
What are the two main functions of the endomembrane system?
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Prokaryotic cells typically have a _____ loop of DNA.
Prokaryotic cells typically have a _____ loop of DNA.
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Match the following structures with their functions:
Match the following structures with their functions:
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Which of the following statements regarding cellular energy production is true?
Which of the following statements regarding cellular energy production is true?
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The primary hypothesis of endosymbiosis suggests that mitochondria originated from ancient bacteria.
The primary hypothesis of endosymbiosis suggests that mitochondria originated from ancient bacteria.
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What is the significance of gamete fusion in eukaryotic cells?
What is the significance of gamete fusion in eukaryotic cells?
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Study Notes
Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
- Endosymbiotic Theory is most likely explanation for the origin of eukaryotes.
- Heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic proteobacterium, which evolved into mitochondria.
- Heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacteria, which evolved into chloroplasts.
- This is supported by evidence like circular DNA, independent fission, smaller size, double membrane, and 70s ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Multicellularity
- Evolved independently at least 6 times.
- Simple vs. Complex multicellularity.
- Simple multicellularity involves cell adhesion and communication, but no bulk flow.
- Complex multicellularity includes differentiation, with cells specializing in functions.
- Multicellularity allows for division of labor, increased size, and enhanced motility.
- However, it also introduces challenges like predator-prey interactions and increased opportunity for disease.
Tissues and Cell Junctions
- Tight junctions prevent the movement of fluids between cells.
- Anchoring junctions link cells together and to the cytoskeleton.
- Gap junctions facilitate communication between cells.
Characteristics of Animal Cells
- Animal cells are eukaryotes with a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and large 80s ribosomes.
- They have a cytoskeleton for support, movement, and phagocytosis.
- They have an endomembrane system to compartmentalize the interior of the cell.
- Animal cells are triploblastic, meaning they develop from three embryonic germ layers, leading to four tissue types: muscle, neural, epithelial, and connective.
Homeostasis
- Maintaining a stable internal environment is essential for organisms.
- Extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid must be kept within a stable range.
Reproduction and Growth
- Unicellular organisms reproduce through fission or mitosis.
- Multicellular organisms reproduce through fusion of gametes.
Advantages of Multicellularity
- Increased size allows for better protection from predators and access to new resources.
- Division of labor leads to specialization and efficiency in tasks.
- Internal environments provide more stability and allow cells to function in a specialized environment.
Disadvantages of Multicellularity
- Increased complexity can lead to vulnerability to disease and predation.
Cell Size and Surface Area to Volume Ratio
- As cells grow, volume increases much faster than surface area due to the cube-square law.
- Larger cells have a smaller surface area-to-volume ratio, making it challenging for them to exchange materials with their environment.
- This limitation makes multicellularity essential for organisms to grow beyond a certain size.
Bulk Flow
- The movement of fluids and gases through channels in organisms.
- Essential for efficient nutrient and gas exchange in large organisms.
Examples of Specialized Tissues in Animals
- Respiratory system: Highly folded surfaces maximize surface area for gas exchange.
- Digestive system: Villi in the small intestine increase surface area for nutrient absorption.
- Circulatory system: Capillaries have high surface area for efficient filtration.
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