Knee joints
41 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the patella in relation to the quadriceps femoris?

  • To act as a cushion for the knee joint.
  • To connect the thigh bones to the shin.
  • To provide structural support to the knee joint.
  • To serve as a sesamoid bone that enhances the leverage of the quadriceps. (correct)

    • Which feature distinguishes the tibia from the fibula in the leg?

  • The tibia is the weight-bearing bone of the leg. (correct)
  • The tibia is entirely covered by muscles.
  • The tibia forms the lateral malleolus.
  • The tibia is smaller and located laterally.

    • What specific area of the tibia is notable for being palpable due to the lack of muscle coverage?

  • Anterior margin and medial surface. (correct)
  • Distal end forming the lateral malleolus.
  • Proximal end near the femur.
  • The articular surface of the knee joint.

    • Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure of the patella?

    <p>It consists of a base, apex, and both an articular and anterior surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the common peroneal nerve and the fibula?

    <p>The nerve wraps around the lateral aspect of the fibula.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the lateral and medial facets of the articular surface of the patella?

    <p>A central groove.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key feature of the anterior surface of the patella?

    <p>It is roughened and incorporates part of the quadriceps tendon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fibularis longus muscle?

    <p>Eversion of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two muscles make up the triceps surae?

    <p>Medial head of gastrocnemius and soleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Achilles tendon primarily responsible for?

    <p>Plantar flexion of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic is most commonly affected by Achilles tendon ruptures?

    <p>Men between the ages of 30-50 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions have been linked with an increased risk of rupturing the Achilles tendon?

    <p>Local glucocorticoid injections and pre-existing degenerative conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the intercondylar eminence?

    <p>Attachment site for the cruciate ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the soleal line located on the tibia?

    <p>On the shaft of the tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area specifically allows for the attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament?

    <p>Anterior intercondylar area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the lower 1/3 of the tibial shaft?

    <p>It shows delayed union in fractures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fibular notch on the tibia is involved in which of the following?

    <p>Forming part of the tibiofibular syndesmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located in the medial malleolus area of the tibia?

    <p>Articular facet for the talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surface of the tibia is commonly palpable?

    <p>Medial surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is involved in the insertion of the quadriceps femoris?

    <p>Tibial tuberosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common site for acute osteomyelitis of the tibia?

    <p>Upper end of tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the femoropatellar joint?

    <p>Plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does NOT communicate with the knee joint?

    <p>Anserine bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament runs from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula?

    <p>Fibular collateral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the medial and lateral patellar retinacula?

    <p>To hold the patella in position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bursae approximately are located in the vicinity of the knee joint?

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the femorotibial joint considered to be?

    <p>Combination of hinge and pivot joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is attached firmly to the medial meniscus?

    <p>Tibial (medial) collateral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the synovial membrane in the knee joint?

    <p>To line the internal surface of the fibrous capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bursae communicates with the knee joint?

    <p>Suprapatellar recess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue primarily composes the fibrous capsule of the knee joint?

    <p>Connective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the medial meniscus?

    <p>To limit mobility and stabilize the femorotibial articulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is the only true intraarticular ligament that is not covered by synovial membrane?

    <p>Transverse ligament of knee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is least possible at the knee joint?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the lateral meniscus and the tibial collateral ligament?

    <p>The lateral meniscus is not attached to the capsule, making it more mobile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components make up the 'unhappy triad' in knee injuries?

    <p>Tibial collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, medial meniscus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) more vulnerable to injury compared to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)?

    <p>It is subjected to greater mechanical stress during dynamic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum degree of external rotation allowed at a flexed knee?

    <p>40°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the attachment of the medial meniscus?

    <p>Firmly attached medially to the articular capsule and laterally to the tibial collateral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does internal rotation occur at the knee joint?

    <p>Only when the knee is flexed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of gaping of the knee joint?

    <p>Risk of ligament tear due to instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    XY2141: Anatomy - Knee Joint, Leg Region

    Learning Outcomes

    • ANAT.35.01: Discuss the anatomy of the knee joint (bones, ligaments, blood supply, actions).
    • ANAT.35.02: Identify the bones and features of the leg (tibia and fibula).
    • ANAT.35.03: Review the compartments of the leg, the muscles within each compartment, and describe their functions. Identify the muscles in each compartment.
    • ANAT.35.04: Summarize the neurovascular structures (arteries, veins, nerves) of the leg. Include the common peroneal nerve to fibula, popliteal artery to femur, tarsal tunnel and their clinical importance.
    • ANAT.35.05: Discuss the relationship of structures related to bone (e.g. common peroneal nerve to fibula).
    • ANAT.35.06: Apply anatomical knowledge to clinical correlations of the leg region.
    • Tarsal tunnel will be mentioned in the next lecture (Ankle, Foot).

    Patella

    • Sesamoid bone in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris. Part of the knee joint.
    • 1. Base: wide proximal part.
    • 2. Apex: pointy distal end.
    • 3. Articular surface: dorsal surface, divided into lateral and medial facets.
    • 4. Anterior surface: roughened ventral surface. Includes part of the quadriceps femoris tendon.

    Tibia (Shinbone)

    • Weight-bearing, long bone of the leg, located medially.
    • Distal end: forms the medial malleolus.
    • Anterior margin and medial surface: not covered by muscles, therefore palpable.
    • 1. Condyles: widened proximal end, has medial and lateral condyles.
      • 1.1 Superior articular surface: for articulation with the femoral condyles.
      • 1.2 Intercondylar eminence: located in the middle of the superior articular surface and comprises the medial and lateral tubercle.
    • 1.3 Anterior intercondylar area: attachment point for the anterior cruciate ligament and menisci.
    • 1.4 Posterior intercondylar area: attachment point for the posterior cruciate ligament and menisci.
    • 1.5 Fibular articular facet: articulates with the head of the fibula.
    • 2. Shaft (corpus tibiae): body of the tibia.
      • 2.1 Soleal line: origin of the soleus muscle.
      • 2.2 Tibial tuberosity: insertion of the quadriceps femoris (as the patellar ligament).
    • 2.3 Medial surface: palpable as it's not covered in muscles.
    • 2.4 Lateral surface.
    • 2.5 Posterior surface.
    • 2.6 Anterior border: palpable as it's not covered in muscles
    • 2.7 Interosseous border: attachment of the interosseous membrane of the leg.
    • 2.8 Medial border.
    • 3. Distal end:
      • 3.1 Medial malleolus: medial side of the ankle.
      • 3.1.1 Malleolar groove: forms the malleolar canal with the flexor retinaculum.
      • 3.1.2 Articular facet: articulates with the talus.
      • 3.2 Fibular notch: part of the tibiofibular syndesmosis.
      • 3.3 Inferior articular surface: articulates with trochlea of the talus.

    Fibula (Calfbone)

    • A long bone on the lateral aspect of the leg.
    • Does not bear body weight, only for muscle attachments.
    • Distal end: forms the lateral malleolus.
    • 1. Head (caput fibulae): insertion of the biceps femoris. Attachment of the fibular collateral, arcuate popliteal ligaments, anterior and posterior ligaments. Origin of soleus and fibularis longus.
      • 1.1 Apex: of head .
      • 1.2 Articular facet: articulates with the tibia.
    • 2. Neck (collum fibulae): common fibular nerve runs around the neck.
    • 3. Shaft (corpus fibulae):
      • 3.1 Lateral surface
      • 3.2 Medial surface
      • 3.3 Posterior surface
      • 3.4 Anterior border
      • 3.5 Posterior border
      • 3.6 Interosseous border
      • 3.7 Medial crest
    • 4. Lateral malleolus (malleolus lateralis):
      • 4.1 Articular facet: articulates with the talus.
      • 4.2 Malleolar fossa:
      • 4.3 Malleolar groove

    Knee Joint (Articulatio Genus)

    • Most complex synovial joint.
    • Three bones and two menisci articulate.
    • 12 articular ligaments and associated bursae.
    • Movements are limited in full flexion and extension.

    Knee Joint (Type, Shape, and Articular Surfaces)

    • Type: Complex and compound bicondylar.
    • Femoropatellar joint:
      • Shape: Plane.
      • Articular head: Patellar surface of femur.
      • Articular fossa: Articular surface of patella.
    • Femorotibial joint:
      • Shape: Combination of hinge and pivot joints.
      • Articular head: Condyles of femur.
      • Articular fossa: Condyles of tibia.

    Knee Joint (Three Primitive Joints)

    • Medial and lateral femorotibial joints.
    • Patellofemoral joint.

    Knee Joint (Radiograph)

    • AP view.
    • Lateral view.
    • Sky view.

    Knee Joint (Articular Capsule)

    • Fibrous capsule (originates beneath epicondyles of the femur, attaches to the circumference of the articular surfaces of the tibia and patella).
    • Synovial membrane (lines the internal surface of the fibrous layer; does not cover cruciate ligaments).
      • 2.1 Infrapatellar synovial fold: projects dorsally from the ventral part of the joint.
      • 2.2 Infrapatellar fat pad: fat pad between the fibrous and synovial layers.

    Knee Joint (Synovial Bursae and Articular Recesses)

    • Approximately 20 bursae and 2 recesses located near or communicating with the knee joint.
    • Not communicating: Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa; Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa

    Ligaments

    • Collateral ligaments:
      • Tibial (medial): Runs from medial epicondyle of femur to tibia. Attaches firmly to medial meniscus.
      • Fibular (lateral): Runs from lateral epicondyle of femur to head of fibula.
    • Ventral ligaments:
      • Medial and lateral patellar retinacula: Hold patella in the shallow patellar surface of the femur.
      • Patellar ligament: Insertion of quadriceps femoris between the patella and tibial tuberosity.
    • Dorsal ligaments:
      • Oblique popliteal ligament: One of the insertions of semimembranosus.
      • Arcuate popliteal ligament: Forms an arch above the tendon of the popliteus.
    • Intra-articular ligaments:
      • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL): Runs from medial surface of lateral condyle of femur to anterior intercondylar area of tibia.
      • Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL): Runs from lateral surface of medial condyle of femur to posterior intercondylar area of tibia.
      • Transverse ligament: Connects both menisci ventrally.
      • Meniscofemoral ligaments: Weak ligaments around the posterior cruciate ligament.

    Menisci

    • Medial meniscus: C-shaped
    • Lateral meniscus: O-shaped.
    • Both attach to the anterior and posterior intercondylar areas.
    • Medial meniscus is firmly attached to the capsule and laterally to the tibial collateral ligament; limits its mobility, more mobile than medial. 

    Movements

    • Flexion: 0-150°.
    • Extension: 0°.
    • Rotations: Possible only in flexed knees.
      • Internal rotation: 5-10°.
      • External rotation: Approximately 40°.

    Common Knee Injuries

    • Torn ACL (anterior cruciate ligament)
    • Torn medial meniscus
    • Torn MCL (medial collateral ligament)

    Unhappy Triad (O'Donoghue Triad)

    • Simultaneous injury of tibial (medial) collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, and medial meniscus

    Genu Varum and Genu Valgum

    • Genu valgum: (knocked knees) lateral misalignment of the knee.
    • Genu varum: (bowlegged) medial misalignment of the knee.

    Popliteal Artery

    • Direct continuation of the femoral artery.
    • Runs in the popliteal fossa with the popliteal vein. Runs laterally and posteriorly.
    • Upon reaching the leg, it enters the cruropopliteal canal, giving off anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
    • Also gives off five genicular arteries.

    Nerve Supply of the Knee Joint

    • Innervation from the femoral nerve (via saphenous nerve and muscular branches).
    • Also receives contributions from the tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerves, and the posterior division of the obturator nerve.

    Muscles of the Leg

    • Anterior Group:
      • Tibialis anterior
      • Extensor digitorum longus
      • Extensor hallucis longus
    • Lateral Group:
      • Fibularis longus
      • Fibularis brevis
    • Posterior Group - Superficial Layer:
      • Triceps surae (soleus and gastrocnemius)
      • Plantaris
    • Posterior Group - Deep Layer:
      • Popliteus
      • Tibialis posterior
      • Flexor digitorum longus
      • Flexor hallucis longus

    Tendocalcaneus (Achilles Tendon)

    • Conjoint tendon of insertion of gastrocnemius and soleus (triceps surae).
    • Thickest and strongest tendon (about 15 cm long).
    • Prime mover of plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint.

    Ancient Greek Mythological Figure Achilles

    • Achilles tendon is named after the mythological figure Achilles. His mother held him by the heel during a dipping ritual in the River Styx to make him invulnerable. 

    Clinical Correlation - Achilles Tendon Ruptures

    • Primary in men aged 30-50.
    • Often from indirect trauma, related to sports or exercise.
    • Pre-existing disorders and some medication linked to increased risk.
    • Often sharp pain in the back of the ankle with a popping sensation.
    • Treatment recommendations are conservative and surgical approaches.

    Muscles of the Leg (Posterior Group – Deep Layer)

    • Popliteus
    • Tibialis posterior
    • Flexor digitorum longus
    • Flexor hallucis longus

    Blood Supply of the Leg

    • Popliteal artery (direct continuation of the femoral artery, supplies the lower limb).
      • Splits into anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
    • Anterior tibial artery (main blood supply for the anterior compartment of the leg).
    • Posterior tibial artery (supplies the posterior and lateral sides of the calf, sole, and lateral muscles).

    Veins of the Leg

    • Deep veins: Located underneath the deep fascia, accompanying the major arteries.
    • Superficial veins: Found in subcutaneous tissue, eventually drain into the deep veins.
      • Long (great) saphenous vein
      • Short (small) saphenous vein
    • Anterior tibial vein
    • Posterior tibial vein
    • Fibular (peroneal) veins

    Clinical Correlation - Chronic Venous Disease/Disorders

    • Spectrum of disorders caused by venous dysfunction, ranging from telangiectasia to venous ulceration.
    • Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI): advanced form of CVD.
    • Varicose veins: type of CVD characterized by dilated superficial veins (diameter > 3 mm) and tortuousity.

    Nerves of the Leg

    • Sciatic nerve: Terminates at the apex of the popliteal fossa, dividing into tibial and common peroneal nerves.
    • Cutaneous branch: From both the tibial and common peroneal nerves unite to form the sural nerve.

    Clinical Correlation- Nerve Injuries

    • Tibial nerve injury (TIIPPED): Inability to walk on tip toes; inverts and plantarflexes foot.
    • Peroneal nerve injury (PED): Foot drop; everts and dorsiflexes foot.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Knee Joint Anatomy PDF

    Description

    null

    More Like This

    SC-KAFO Orthotic Knee Joints
    8 questions

    SC-KAFO Orthotic Knee Joints

    NobleProtactinium avatar
    NobleProtactinium
    Prosthetic Knee Joints: Stance Phase Control and Mechanisms
    24 questions

    Prosthetic Knee Joints: Stance Phase Control and Mechanisms

    VirtuousCharacterization avatar
    VirtuousCharacterization
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser