Ovulation and Follicle Development Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What role does LH play in the process of follicle maturation?

  • Stimulates the secretion of prostaglandins (correct)
  • Increases collagen fiber production
  • Inhibits oocyte discharge
  • Decreases activity of lutein cells

    • What happens to the granulosa cells after ovulation?

  • They undergo apoptosis
  • They remain unchanged
  • They move to the theca externa
  • They transform into lutein cells (correct)

    • What is the primary hormone responsible for preparing the uterine mucosa for implantation?

  • LH
  • Testosterone
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone (correct)

    • What is the consequence of increased prostaglandin levels as a result of LH surge?

    <p>Increased muscular contractions in the ovarian wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the corpus luteum's function?

    <p>Secretes both estrogens and progesterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ovulation, what is released alongside the oocyte?

    <p>Cumulus oophorus cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs in the theca interna cells under the influence of LH?

    <p>They develop a yellowish pigment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the oocyte immediately prior to its discharge?

    <p>It is in metaphase of meiosis II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the recruitment of growing follicles to develop into vesicular follicles?

    <p>Increased FSH secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following occurs just before ovulation?

    <p>The oocyte is arrested in metaphase of meiosis II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of LH in follicular development?

    <p>It triggers ovulation and maturation of the vesicular follicle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of oocyte development is the primary oocyte in just before ovulation?

    <p>Arrested in meiosis I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures surround the zona pellucida after ovulation?

    <p>Cumulus oophorus cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to granulosa cells after ovulation?

    <p>They become part of the corpus luteum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the development of a vesicular follicle, what hormone causes an increase in estrogen production?

    <p>FSH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the stigma on the ovary?

    <p>It indicates where ovulation will occur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key result of fertilization?

    <p>Restoration of the diploid number of chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of fertilization follows the fusion of sperm and oocyte membranes?

    <p>Cleavage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the blastomeres expected to do after three divisions during cleavage?

    <p>Divide to form a morula (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What likely causes difficulties in pregnancy for a woman with previous pelvic inflammatory disease?

    <p>Blocked or damaged fallopian tubes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the corpus luteum?

    <p>To release hormones that maintain pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during capacitation of spermatozoa?

    <p>The glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma proteins are removed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does the spermatozoon penetrate first during fertilization?

    <p>The corona radiata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the basal layer of the endometrium?

    <p>It serves as a regenerative layer for glands and arteries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the menstrual phase if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>The degeneration of the corpus luteum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the endometrium undergo changes for potential implantation?

    <p>Secretory phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur for the oocyte to activate and complete its second meiotic division?

    <p>Entry of a spermatozoon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed at the pole of the blastocyst during compaction?

    <p>The inner cell mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the zona pellucida after fertilization?

    <p>It becomes impenetrable to other spermatozoa. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the chromosomal sex of the embryo at fertilization?

    <p>The carrying sperm's chromosome type (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is formed from the outer cell mass?

    <p>Trophoblast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of development does the morula form?

    <p>After the 16-cell stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do gap junctions play in the inner cells of the morula?

    <p>They enable extensive communication among inner cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the oocyte if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It degenerates within 24 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary event occurring after the zygote reaches the two-cell stage?

    <p>Series of mitotic divisions known as cleavage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of fluid penetrating into the intercellular spaces of the inner cell mass during development?

    <p>It enables blastocyst formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the appearance of blastomeres change from an uncompacted to a compacted state?

    <p>Cell outlines become indistinct and contacts are maximized (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ovulation and Follicle Development

    • Primordial follicles develop into growing follicles independent of FSH.
    • FSH recruits growing follicles to become vesicular (antral) follicles.
    • Estrogen produced by follicular and thecal cells stimulates LH production by the pituitary gland.
    • LH surge leads to the mature vesicular follicle completing meiosis I and initiating meiosis II, which is arrested in metaphase prior to ovulation.
    • The surface of the ovary bulges; the stigma appears as collagenase digest collagen fibers surrounding the follicle.
    • Prostaglandins cause muscular contractions in the ovarian wall, aiding oocyte expulsion during ovulation.

    Corpus Luteum Formation

    • After ovulation, granulosa and thecal cells transform into lutein cells, forming the corpus luteum under LH influence.
    • Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogens, initiating the secretory phase of the uterine mucosa for embryo implantation.

    Fertilization and Early Development

    • Chromosomal sex is determined at fertilization: XX for female and XY for male.
    • Cleavage begins after fertilization, resulting in rapid mitotic divisions and formation of a 16-cell morula.
    • Inner cell mass of morula forms embryo proper; outer cell mass becomes trophoblast contributing to the placenta.

    Blastocyst Formation

    • As the morula reaches the uterine cavity, fluid penetrates the zona pellucida, leading to blastocyst formation.
    • The blastocyst has an inner cell mass at one pole and an outer cell mass surrounding the cavity.

    Implantation Process

    • The uterus is in the secretory phase at the time of blastocyst implantation.
    • Blastocyst implants into the endometrium along the anterior or posterior wall.
    • Without fertilization, the uterine lining is shed in the menstrual phase.

    Fertilization Phases and Mechanisms

    • Capacitation: sperm undergoes changes to penetrate the zona pellucida.
    • Acrosome reaction: release of enzymes to aid sperm penetration.
    • Upon egg entry, the oocyte completes its second meiotic division, forming the female pronucleus and preventing polyspermy.

    Results of Fertilization

    • Restoration of diploid chromosome number.
    • Establishment of chromosomal sex.
    • Initiation of cleavage leading to embryo development.

    Infertility Considerations

    • Understand the role and origin of the corpus luteum.
    • Recognize the three phases of fertilization and associated reactions.
    • Identify primary causes of infertility in both men and women.
    • Consider potential complications in individuals with pelvic inflammatory disease when attempting to conceive.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the processes of ovulation, follicle development, corpus luteum formation, and early fertilization. This quiz covers the hormonal influences and cellular transformations involved in these reproductive phases. Perfect for biology students studying human reproduction.

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