Overview of the Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

What role do pulmonary stretch receptors play in respiration?

  • They initiate the Hering-Breuer reflex which increases the respiratory rate.
  • They reduce the respiratory rate when the lungs expand. (correct)
  • They enhance oxygen absorption during physical activity.
  • They detect carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

Which brain systems are involved in modulating breathing patterns?

  • Frontal cortex and amygdala.
  • Thalamus and basal ganglia.
  • Cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
  • Hypothalamus and limbic system. (correct)

How do proprioceptors contribute to respiration during exercise?

  • They metabolize oxygen more efficiently.
  • They detect stretching and movement to stimulate respiratory centers. (correct)
  • They regulate the alveolar pressure.
  • They control the bronchial diameter.

What is the effect of cortical control on breathing?

<p>It can temporarily override breathing patterns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do central chemoreceptors primarily serve?

<p>They detect changes in blood pH and carbon dioxide levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Hering-Breuer reflex' refer to in respiratory physiology?

<p>Stretch receptors reducing respiratory rate when lungs expand. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily affected when a person holds their breath?

<p>The cortical control of breathing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for the regulation of gas solubility in a liquid?

<p>The partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which circulation system is responsible for picking up oxygen and dropping off carbon dioxide for removal from the body?

<p>pulmonary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to pressure when the volume of a gas decreases?

<p>increase in (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During normal inspiration, which muscle groups are primarily used?

<p>diaphragm and external intercostal muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?

<p>diffusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the reaction involving CO2 and H2O?

<p>It speeds up the reaction significantly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Expiration is described as which type of process during normal breathing?

<p>passive process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is approximately how many mm Hg?

<p>760 mm Hg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The transfer of gases during external respiration occurs between which two locations?

<p>the blood and the alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do carbon dioxide and H+ play in hemoglobin function?

<p>They help stabilize the low-affinity T state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of alveolar cell is primarily responsible for reducing surface tension in the alveoli?

<p>Type II alveolar cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes type I alveolar cells?

<p>They constitute up to 97% of the alveolar surface area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages?

<p>Remove debris and pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the central chemoreceptors in the brain?

<p>Changes in H+ and CO2 concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peripheral chemoreceptors primarily respond to which of the following?

<p>Changes in H+, CO2, and O2 concentrations in the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of hemoglobin in terms of its conformations?

<p>Exists in both high-affinity R state and low-affinity T state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature is present in the alveolar wall structure?

<p>Fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the systemic circulation?

The circulatory system that transports oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide-rich blood from the tissues to the lungs.

What is the pulmonary circulation?

The circulatory system that transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

What is Boyle's Law?

The relationship between the volume of a gas and its pressure, where an increase in volume leads to a decrease in pressure, and vice versa.

What is inspiration?

The process of breathing in, involving the contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, which increases the volume of the chest cavity and decreases pressure, drawing air into the lungs.

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What is expiration?

The process of breathing out, involving the relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, which decreases the volume of the chest cavity and increases pressure, forcing air out of the lungs.

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What is diffusion?

The passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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What is external respiration?

The exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

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What is internal respiration?

The exchange of gases between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissues of the body.

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T state hemoglobin

The form of hemoglobin that has a lower affinity for oxygen. It is stabilized by the presence of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions, which are both byproducts of cellular respiration.

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R state hemoglobin

The form of hemoglobin that has a higher affinity for oxygen. It is favored in areas with lower carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion concentrations.

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Type I Alveolar Cell

A specialized type of epithelial cell found in the alveoli of the lungs. These cells make up the majority of the alveolar surface area and are responsible for gas exchange.

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Type II Alveolar Cell

A specialized type of epithelial cell found in the alveoli of the lungs that secrete pulmonary surfactant.

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Alveolar Macrophages

Phagocytic cells that reside in the alveoli and are responsible for removing debris and pathogens.

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Central Chemoreceptors

Sensory receptors located in the brainstem that respond to changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the cerebrospinal fluid.

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Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Sensory receptors located in the carotid and aortic bodies that respond to changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+), carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen (O2) in the blood.

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Inspiratory Center

A group of neurons located in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem that are responsible for initiating and regulating inspiration.

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What are pulmonary stretch receptors?

These receptors are located in the lungs and are sensitive to stretching. When the lungs expand, they trigger the Hering-Breuer reflex, slowing down breathing.

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What are proprioceptors in breathing?

These receptors are found in the muscles and are sensitive to movement and stretching. They signal the respiratory centers in the brain, contributing to the increase in breathing during exercise.

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What is cortical control of breathing?

They are located in the brain and are responsible for voluntary control of breathing patterns. This allows us to hold our breath, sing, or speak.

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What are central chemoreceptors?

These receptors are located in the brain and are sensitive to changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. They play a crucial role in regulating breathing to maintain oxygen levels and remove carbon dioxide.

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What are muscles of expiration?

These are the muscles that help with expiration, pushing air out of the lungs.

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What is Henry's Law?

This law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.

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What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures?

This law states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.

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Study Notes

Respiratory System Overview

  • The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange
  • It facilitates the uptake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide
  • Key structures include the lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
  • Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli through diffusion
  • The rate of exchange is dependent on partial pressures

Human Gas Exchange

  • The process of gas exchange involves the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across membranes
  • Oxygen moves from the lungs to the blood, and carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs
  • Partial pressures drive gas movement
  • High partial pressure to low partial pressure

Air Inspiration and Expiration

  • Breathing involves both inhaling and exhaling air
  • The diaphragm and intercostal muscles are crucial for this process
  • Contraction of the diaphragm creates a partial vacuum, causing air to flow in
  • Relaxation of the diaphragm forces air to flow out

The Alveoli

  • Tiny air sacs in the lungs
  • Site of gas exchange
  • Surrounded by a network of capillaries
  • Specialized cells facilitate gas movement

Respiratory Control Centers

  • Located in the brainstem
  • Regulates breathing rate and rhythm
  • Key areas include the pons and medulla

Partial Pressures

  • Dalton's law states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases
  • Partial pressures drive the diffusion of gases
  • Gases move from high partial pressure to low partial pressure

Transport of Gases in Blood

  • Oxygen is primarily carried by hemoglobin
  • Carbon dioxide is carried as bicarbonate ions, and as dissolved gas, and as carbaminohemoglobin
  • These processes are governed by partial pressures

Respiratory System Assessment

  • The respiratory system constitutes 17% of the assessment

Chemistry of Respiration

  • The key chemical reactions involved in gas exchange are those of O2 and CO2
  • These reactions include the formation of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions

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Related Documents

Respiratory System - D313 Section 2 - PDF

Description

Explore the key components and functions of the respiratory system, including gas exchange mechanics and the roles of various structures such as the lungs and alveoli. Understand how breathing works and the significance of partial pressures in the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

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