Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a component of the respiratory tract?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the respiratory tract?
- Esophagus (correct)
- Larynx
- Pharynx
- Trachea
In which zone of the respiratory system does gas exchange primarily occur?
In which zone of the respiratory system does gas exchange primarily occur?
- Filtration zone
- Conducting zone
- Respiratory zone (correct)
- Transitional zone
Which of the following best describes the primary function of the nasal cavity?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of the nasal cavity?
- Facilitating gas exchange
- Warming, moistening, and filtering air (correct)
- Regulation of blood pressure
- Sound production for speech
Which structure is responsible for protecting the airway and producing sound?
Which structure is responsible for protecting the airway and producing sound?
What is the primary role of alveoli in the respiratory system?
What is the primary role of alveoli in the respiratory system?
Which of the following processes is NOT directly involved in respiration?
Which of the following processes is NOT directly involved in respiration?
How does the respiratory system contribute to maintaining acid-base balance in the body?
How does the respiratory system contribute to maintaining acid-base balance in the body?
What type of cells are primarily found in the alveoli and are responsible for gas exchange?
What type of cells are primarily found in the alveoli and are responsible for gas exchange?
What is the role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system in the respiratory process?
What is the role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system in the respiratory process?
According to Boyle's law, what happens inside the lungs during inspiration?
According to Boyle's law, what happens inside the lungs during inspiration?
Which muscles are primarily responsible for increasing lung volume during inspiration?
Which muscles are primarily responsible for increasing lung volume during inspiration?
What primarily drives pulmonary ventilation?
What primarily drives pulmonary ventilation?
What is the primary method by which oxygen is transported in the blood?
What is the primary method by which oxygen is transported in the blood?
Which of the following is a key function of the respiratory system mentioned?
Which of the following is a key function of the respiratory system mentioned?
What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?
What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?
Which part of the brainstem is primarily involved in regulating ventilation patterns?
Which part of the brainstem is primarily involved in regulating ventilation patterns?
How is carbon dioxide primarily transported from the tissues back to the lungs?
How is carbon dioxide primarily transported from the tissues back to the lungs?
What is the effect of constriction or obstruction of the bronchioles on alveolar $P_{O_2}$?
What is the effect of constriction or obstruction of the bronchioles on alveolar $P_{O_2}$?
How do the lungs compensate when there is low $P_{CO_2}$ in the arterioles perfusing them?
How do the lungs compensate when there is low $P_{CO_2}$ in the arterioles perfusing them?
What is the role of the phrenic nerve in respiration?
What is the role of the phrenic nerve in respiration?
Flashcards
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Includes pulmonary arteries/veins, thoracic cage, lungs, and respiratory tract. Facilitates gas exchange and other vital functions.
Respiratory Tract
Respiratory Tract
Comprises the nose/nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree. Filters, warms, and moistens air for gas exchange.
Alveoli
Alveoli
Terminal air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs with the bloodstream.
Lungs
Lungs
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Respiration
Respiration
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Nose and Nasal Cavity
Nose and Nasal Cavity
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Larynx Function
Larynx Function
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Trachea & Bronchial Tree
Trachea & Bronchial Tree
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Alveoli Cell Types
Alveoli Cell Types
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Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary Ventilation
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Gas exchange
Gas exchange
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Oxygen Transport
Oxygen Transport
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CO2 Transport
CO2 Transport
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Brainstem Neurons
Brainstem Neurons
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Restrictive/Obstructive Lung
Restrictive/Obstructive Lung
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Study Notes
Overview of the Respiratory System
- The respiratory system includes the pulmonary arteries and veins, thoracic cage, lungs, and respiratory tract
- The respiratory tract consists of the nose and nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree
- The alveoli are the terminal structures of the respiratory tract and facilitate gas exchange
- The lungs are paired spongy organs in the thoracic cavity and contain millions of alveoli
- Respiratory organs are classified as upper/lower respiratory tract and conducting/respiratory zone, anatomically and functionally
- Respiration encompasses pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary gas exchange, gas transport, and tissue gas exchange
- The respiratory system maintains acid-base balance, fluid/blood pressure homeostasis, venous blood/lymph flow, speech production, odor detection, and expels abdominal contents
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
- The nose and nasal cavity moistens, warms, and filters air, houses olfactory receptors, and enhances voice resonance
- The nasal cavity, divided by the nasal septum, contains hyaline cartilage and bone
- The divisions of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
- The larynx protects the airway and produces sound, framed by nine pieces of cartilage
- Air is delivered by the trachea and bronchial tree to respiratory zones, where gas exchange occurs in alveoli
- Alveoli have squamous type I cells, surfactant-secreting type II cells, and alveolar macrophages
- Lungs consist of alveoli and elastic connective tissue, has lobes, and are enclosed by pleural cavities
Pulmonary Ventilation
- Pulmonary ventilation depends on pressure gradients for inspiration and expiration
- Boyle's law states that gas pressure and volume are inversely related
- The diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, and other inspiratory muscles increase lung volume during inspiration
- Quiet breathing expiration is passive because of lung elastic recoil
- Airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, and pulmonary compliance all affect ventilation
- Spirometry is used to measure pulmonary volumes and capacities
Gas Exchange
- Oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli during pulmonary gas exchange
- Oxygen diffuses into tissues and carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood during tissue gas exchange
Gas Transport through the Blood
- Oxygen is mainly transported via hemoglobin, which is affected by oxygen tension and hemoglobin affinity
- Carbon dioxide is transported in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or converted to bicarbonate ions
- The carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system regulates blood pH
Neural Control of Ventilation
- Ventilation patterns are regulated by brainstem neurons and assisted by chemoreceptors
- Chemoreceptors responds to changes in blood and brain fluid
Diseases of the Respiratory System
- Pulmonary Compliance and airway resistance are affected by restrictive and obstructive lung diseases
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and lung cancer are respiratory diseases
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