Overview of the Respiratory System

<p>Esophagus and trachea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing structural support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Terminal bronchioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower airways contain more cartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect changes in arterial PO2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the ventilation rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases sharply (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are less sensitive to changes in PCO2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased respiratory rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breathing rate is virtually constant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To inhibit the apneustic center (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased oxygen levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased hydrogen ion concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They send excitatory impulses to the dorsal respiratory group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease in CSF pH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CO2 is permeable across the brain-CSF barrier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased ventilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is exhaled effectively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To serve as the main site for gas exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three lobes in the right lung and two in the left lung (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrapleural fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expansion of the thoracic wall and lung volume to draw air in (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement of air from the alveoli to the external environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dorsal respiratory group of neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 70 m² (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are active and stimulate both inspiratory and expiratory muscles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spinal column, ribs, sternum, and muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases depth of inspiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reflex process regulated by both nervous and chemical mechanisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the upper part of the medulla oblongata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To adjust the rhythm of breathing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tubes that carry air from the environment to the alveoli. These include the nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles.

The actual sites of gas exchange, where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is expelled. These include the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

The upper part of the respiratory system. It includes the nose, pharynx, and larynx.

The lower part of the respiratory system. It includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

The tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi. It carries air to the lungs.

The branches of the trachea that connect to each lung. They further divide into smaller branches, the bronchioles.

The smaller airways formed by the branching of the bronchi. They lack cartilage and are responsible for regulating airflow.

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place. They are surrounded by capillaries for efficient diffusion.

Clusters of alveoli in the lungs.

The membrane surrounding each lung, consisting of two layers.

The inner layer of the pleura, attached to the lung.

The outer layer of the pleura, attached to the chest wall.

The fluid between the two layers of pleura, allowing the layers to slide smoothly during breathing.

The pressure within the pleural space, which helps to keep the lungs inflated.

The process of breathing in, where air moves from the environment into the lungs.

The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues of the body.

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood.

A thin membrane surrounding the alveoli, allowing gas exchange with the blood.

The area in the brainstem that controls the rhythm and depth of breathing.

Part of the respiratory centers responsible for the basic rhythm of breathing.

Part of the respiratory centers that controls forced breathing.

A part of the respiratory centers that increases the depth of inspiration.

Peripheral chemoreceptors are sensory receptors located in the carotid and aortic bodies that monitor blood gas levels and pH.

The most important stimulus for peripheral chemoreceptors is a decrease in arterial PO2 (oxygen levels).

Peripheral chemoreceptors respond dramatically to decreases in arterial PO2 below 60 mm Hg, increasing breathing rate to compensate for low oxygen.

Peripheral chemoreceptors are also stimulated by increases in arterial PCO2 (carbon dioxide levels), but this effect is less significant than their response to low PO2.

Increases in hydrogen ion concentration (acidity) stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors, which then increase ventilation to expel CO2 and reduce acidity.

Peripheral chemoreceptors are less sensitive to changes in PCO2 compared to central chemoreceptors in the brain.

Increases in ventilation rate are primarily driven by peripheral chemoreceptors in cases of metabolic acidosis, where blood pH is decreased.

Peripheral chemoreceptors are essential for maintaining proper blood gas levels, especially in situations of hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis.

A brain region that helps regulate the transition between inhalation and exhalation.

The primary chemical mechanism for regulating breathing involves chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood chemistry, primarily oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion concentration.

A condition where blood oxygen levels are abnormally low.

A condition where blood CO2 levels are abnormally high.

Chemoreceptors located in the brainstem that primarily detect changes in hydrogen ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Chemoreceptors located in the carotid and aortic arteries that primarily detect changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion concentration in the blood.

The main way central chemoreceptors function is by detecting changes in hydrogen ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which are mostly a result of CO2 diffusing across the blood-brain barrier.