Overview of the Periodic Table

Overview of the Periodic Table

• Atomic Number represents the total number of protons within an element's atomic nucleus, determining its identity.
• Symbol provides a shorthand notation for each element, using one or two letters.
• Name denotes the commonly used name of the element, giving it recognition in scientific and public spheres.
• Atomic Weight is the average mass of an atom, factoring in isotopic distribution and abundance.
• Electrons per shell indicates how many electrons are arranged in the electron shells around the nucleus, impacting chemical properties.

Structure of the Table

• Elements are organized into groups (columns) and periods (rows), reflecting similar chemical properties and electron configurations.
• Each group follows a specific classification, such as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.

Element Groups

• Group 1 (IA): Alkali metals (e.g., Lithium, Sodium).
• Group 2 (IIA): Alkaline earth metals (e.g., Beryllium, Calcium).
• Groups 3-12: Transition metals (varying properties; include Iron, Copper, Gold).
• Groups 13-18: Varied elements including post-transition metals, metalloids, nonmetals, and noble gases (e.g., Carbon, Oxygen, Neon).

Specific Element Periods

• Period 1: Contains Hydrogen and Helium, the lightest and simplest elements.
• Period 2 & 3: Feature key nonmetals and transition metals, including Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sodium, and Magnesium.
• Period 4-7: Include heavier metals and explore the actinides (e.g., Uranium) and lanthanides (e.g., Cerium).

Lanthanides

• Comprise 15 elements from Lanthanum (La) to Lutetium (Lu).
• Typically used for high-performance materials, catalysts, and phosphors in lighting.

Actinides

• Consist of 15 elements from Actinium (Ac) to Lawrencium (Lr).
• Notable for containing radioactive elements, primarily used in nuclear applications and research.