Overview of the OSI Model

The process of wrapping data with additional protocol information as it travels down the network stack.

The process of removing protocol information from data as it travels up the network stack.

The first layer of the OSI model, responsible for transmitting bits across the network and managing physical and electrical characteristics.

A software tool that captures and displays network data, providing insights into network communication.

A model that divides network communication into seven distinct layers, each responsible for specific functions.

The process of data moving down the OSI model, adding protocol information at each layer.

The process of data moving up the OSI model, removing protocol information at each layer.

The process of examining network traffic for troubleshooting, analysis, or security purposes.

The initial step in a network communication where both parties establish awareness of each other and their communication goals.

The ongoing process of exchanging data between two devices in a network.

A mechanism used within a network to ensure data is received and acknowledged successfully.

The process of ending a network communication session after data exchange is complete.

The ability for a network communication to restart if the connection is interrupted.

The ability for network devices to understand and respond to each other's communication requests.

The process of delivering data packets across a network to the intended recipient.

A temporary connection established between two devices over a network for communication purposes.

A protocol used to retrieve emails from a mail server.

A protocol used to access and manage emails on a server.

A protocol used to send emails from one server to another.

The ability of network devices to advertise their available services to other devices on the network.

A protocol used to translate domain names (e.g., google.com) into IP addresses (e.g., 172.217.164.142).

Protocols that allow for file transfer between computers over a network.

The way data is represented as a series of 1s and 0s in the physical layer. Different media use different methods to represent these bits, like voltage levels on copper wires or light pulses in fiber optic cables.

A method of transmitting data using different voltage levels on a wire to represent 1s and 0s. For example, +5 volts could represent a 1 and 0 volts could represent a 0.

A method of transmitting data using light pulses. When light is on, it represents a 1, and when it's off, it represents a 0.

A type of connector used for network cables like Cat 5 and Cat 6, often found on the back of computers and network switches.

A standard that defines the wiring arrangement within an RJ45 connector for network cables. There are two main standards: TIA/EIA-568A and TIA/EIA-568B.

A type of twisted-pair cable commonly used for Ethernet networks, offering faster data transmission speeds and improved noise resistance compared to Cat 5.

A type of twisted-pair cable used for Ethernet networks, offering a standard level of data transmission speed.

The process of adding information or metadata to data as it travels through the network layers. This is like placing a letter inside an envelope and writing information on the envelope before sending it to the next person.

Each layer adds its own header containing information specific to that layer. This information helps to guide the data to its destination and ensure proper communication.

A set of rules that determine how data is transmitted and received between two devices. Examples include TCP and UDP.

Ensures that all data is received by the destination in the correct order. It uses sequence and acknowledgment numbers to track data packets.

A control flag in the TCP header used to establish a connection between two devices. It involves a three-way handshake: SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK.

A control flag in the TCP header used to acknowledge the receipt of data packets. It is essential for ensuring reliable data transmission.

The source and destination ports in the TCP header indicate the specific application or service that the data is intended for. This allows for communication with different applications on a device.

A section in the TCP header that contains information related to error checking and data flow management, ensuring data integrity and efficient transmission.

A TCP flag used to synchronize the connection during the initial three-way handshake process, ensuring both ends are ready to communicate.

A TCP flag used to acknowledge the successful receipt of data packets during communication. This flag is crucial for ensuring reliable data transmission.

A TCP flag used to signal the graceful shutdown of a connection, indicating that the sender is finished transmitting data and the connection can be closed.

A TCP flag used to indicate an error or unexpected event in the connection, leading to the immediate termination of communication.

A TCP flag used to prioritize data delivery, requesting immediate processing at the receiving end and ensuring prompt data transfer.

A TCP flag used to indicate high-priority data that needs to be processed before other queued data, even if it arrives out of sequence.

A connectionless protocol in the Transport Layer of the OSI model. It provides unreliable, fast data delivery with a small header size.

The header used in UDP, containing information about the source and destination ports, packet length, and checksum. This header is significantly smaller than the TCP header.