Overview of the English Language Structure

Origin: Germanic roots; influenced by Latin, French, and Norse.
Global Status: Widely spoken as a first language; prevalent as a second language.

Phonetics and Phonology: Study of sounds; includes vowels, consonants, and intonation patterns.
Morphology: Study of word formation; includes roots, prefixes, and suffixes.
Syntax: Rules governing sentence structure; subject-verb-object is the typical order.
Semantics: Study of meaning; involves connotation and denotation.
Pragmatics: Contextual meaning; how context influences interpretation.

Lexicon: The complete set of words in a language.
Word Formation: Includes compounding, derivation, and borrowing from other languages.

Parts of Speech:
- Nouns: Names people, places, things, or ideas.
- Verbs: Express actions or states of being.
- Adjectives: Describe nouns.
- Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Tenses: Indicate time of action (past, present, future).
Sentence Types:
- Declarative: Statements.
- Interrogative: Questions.
- Imperative: Commands.
- Exclamatory: Strong emotion.

Genres:
- Fiction: Novels, short stories.
- Non-Fiction: Essays, biographies.
- Poetry: Structured verse, rhythm, and meter.
- Drama: Plays and scripts.

British English: Variants include Cockney, Estuary English, and Received Pronunciation.
American English: Regional accents like Southern, New England, and Midwestern.
Global Englishes: Includes varieties such as Indian English, Singapore English, and African English.

First Language Acquisition: Natural process in early childhood.
Second Language Acquisition: Learning a language after the first; influenced by age, environment, and motivation.

Communication: Widely used in global business, education, science, and technology.
Media: Dominant language in international media and entertainment.

Standardized Tests: TOEFL, IELTS, and Cambridge exams assess proficiency in English.
Assessment Methods: Include reading, writing, speaking, and listening evaluations.

Originates from Germanic roots, with significant influences from Latin, French, and Norse.
Spoken globally as a primary language and commonly learned as a secondary language.

Phonetics and phonology involve the study of sounds, including various vowel and consonant patterns as well as intonation.
Morphology examines word formation including their roots, prefixes, and suffixes.
Syntax pertains to the arrangement of words in sentences, typically following a subject-verb-object order.
Semantics focuses on meanings behind words, considering both connotation and denotation.
Pragmatics studies how context affects interpretation and meaning.

Lexicon refers to the full set of words available in a language.
Word formation processes include compounding, derivation, and borrowing from other languages.

Parts of speech include:
- Nouns that identify people, places, things, or ideas.
- Verbs that denote actions or states of being.
- Adjectives that provide descriptions for nouns.
- Adverbs that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Tenses indicate the timing of actions, categorized as past, present, or future.
Types of sentences are categorized as:
- Declarative for statements.
- Interrogative for questions.
- Imperative for commands.
- Exclamatory for expressing strong emotions.

Descriptive writing employs rich imagery and sensory details.
Narrative writing involves storytelling elements like plot and characters.
Expository writing conveys information and explanations.
Persuasive writing aims to convince the reader through argumentative techniques.

Genres include:
- Fiction, which encompasses novels and short stories.
- Non-fiction, covering essays and biographies.
- Poetry, characterized by structured verse and rhythmic components.
- Drama, which consists of plays and scripts.

British English features variants such as Cockney, Estuary English, and Received Pronunciation.
American English exhibits regional accents, including Southern, New England, and Midwestern.
Global Englishes incorporate varieties like Indian English, Singapore English, and African English.

First language acquisition occurs naturally during early childhood development.
Second language acquisition involves learning a new language after the first, influenced by factors such as age, environment, and motivation.

English serves as a key language in global communications within business, education, science, and technology.
It dominates international media, including news and entertainment sectors.

Standardized language tests include TOEFL, IELTS, and Cambridge exams, which evaluate English proficiency.
Assessment methods encompass evaluations of reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills.