Overview of Science

Definition: Systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

Natural Science: Focuses on the laws of nature and the physical universe.
- Physics: Study of matter, energy, and their interactions.
- Chemistry: Study of substances, their properties, reactions, and the changes they undergo.
- Biology: Study of living organisms and life processes.
Formal Science: Involves abstract concepts and mathematical theories.
- Mathematics: Study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and their relationships.
- Statistics: Study of data collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation.
- Computer Science: Study of algorithms, data structures, and the principles of computing.
Social Science: Examines human behavior and social structures.
- Psychology: Study of the mind and behavior.
- Sociology: Study of society, social institutions, and social relationships.
- Economics: Study of production, consumption, and the distribution of goods and services.

Observation: Noting and describing phenomena.
Hypothesis: Proposing a testable explanation for observations.
Experimentation: Conducting tests to validate or invalidate the hypothesis.
Analysis: Interpreting data collected from experiments.
Conclusion: Drawing results and determining whether the hypothesis is supported or refuted.

Theory: A well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world, based on a body of evidence.
Law: Statement that describes a consistent phenomenon in nature.
Variable: Any factor that can change in an experiment (independent, dependent, controlled).

Advancement of Knowledge: Enhances understanding of the universe.
Technological Innovation: Drives progress in technology and medicine.
Problem Solving: Provides tools and methodologies for addressing complex issues.
Critical Thinking: Fosters analytical skills and evidence-based reasoning.

Emphasizes integrity in research and respect for subjects.
Addresses issues of plagiarism, data fabrication, and ethical treatment of participants.

Definition: Science is a systematic way of understanding the universe through testable explanations and predictions.

Natural Science: Focuses on the laws of nature, including physics, chemistry, and biology.
- Physics: Studies matter, energy, and their interactions.
- Chemistry: Studies substances, their properties, reactions, and changes.
- Biology: Studies living organisms and life processes.
Formal Science: Focuses on abstract concepts and mathematical theories, including mathematics, statistics, and computer science.
- Mathematics: Studies numbers, quantities, shapes, and their relationships.
- Statistics: Studies data collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation.
- Computer Science: Studies algorithms, data structures, and the principles of computing.
Social Science: Examines human behavior and social structures, including psychology, sociology, and economics.
- Psychology: Studies the mind and behavior.
- Sociology: Studies society, social institutions, and relationships.
- Economics: Studies production, consumption, and the distribution of goods and services.

Observation: Noticing and describing phenomena in the natural world.
Hypothesis: Forming a testable explanation for observations.
Experimentation: Conducting tests to validate or invalidate the hypothesis.
Analysis: Interpreting data collected from experiments.
Conclusion: Drawing results and determining whether the hypothesis is supported or refuted.

Theory: A well-supported explanation for an aspect of the natural world based on a body of evidence.
Law: A statement that describes a consistent phenomenon in nature.
Variable: Any factor that can change in an experiment.
- Independent Variable: The factor that is manipulated by the experimenter.
- Dependent Variable: The factor that is measured and observed in response to changes in the independent variable.
- Controlled Variable: Factors held constant to ensure only the independent variable is affecting the dependent variable.

Advancement of Knowledge: Plays a critical role in enhancing our understanding of the universe.
Technological Innovation: Drives progress in technology and medicine.
Problem Solving: Provides tools and methods to address complex issues.
Critical Thinking: Fosters analytical skills and evidence-based reasoning.

Emphasizes honesty and integrity in research.
Respects the rights of research subjects.
Addresses issues of plagiarism, data fabrication, and ethical treatment of participants.