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Questions and Answers
What are the two phases of acute poliomyelitis?
What are the two phases of acute poliomyelitis?
Which outcome is the least likely result of poliovirus infection?
Which outcome is the least likely result of poliovirus infection?
What is the key characteristic of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) according to WHO?
What is the key characteristic of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) according to WHO?
Which statement best describes the epidemiological pattern of polio?
Which statement best describes the epidemiological pattern of polio?
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What is the ratio of cases of inapparent infection to paralytic disease in poliovirus infections?
What is the ratio of cases of inapparent infection to paralytic disease in poliovirus infections?
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What is the main characteristic of countries with no immunization regarding poliovirus infection in children?
What is the main characteristic of countries with no immunization regarding poliovirus infection in children?
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What mode of transmission is primarily associated with poliovirus?
What mode of transmission is primarily associated with poliovirus?
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Which of the following is NOT a method for preventing poliomyelitis?
Which of the following is NOT a method for preventing poliomyelitis?
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Which pattern of immunization shows the wild poliovirus largely replaced by vaccine virus?
Which pattern of immunization shows the wild poliovirus largely replaced by vaccine virus?
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What is the incubation period for polio?
What is the incubation period for polio?
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What percentage of reported polio cases occur in infancy and childhood?
What percentage of reported polio cases occur in infancy and childhood?
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What was the reported status of wild poliovirus as of the end of 2022?
What was the reported status of wild poliovirus as of the end of 2022?
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Which types of poliovirus are recognized as distinct with no cross immunity?
Which types of poliovirus are recognized as distinct with no cross immunity?
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Which risk factor is associated with an increased likelihood of paralytic polio?
Which risk factor is associated with an increased likelihood of paralytic polio?
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Which is the only reservoir of infection for poliomyelitis?
Which is the only reservoir of infection for poliomyelitis?
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In which form of polio does involvement of the central nervous system occur?
In which form of polio does involvement of the central nervous system occur?
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What type of infection is characterized by the direct transmission of polio through droplet infections?
What type of infection is characterized by the direct transmission of polio through droplet infections?
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How long can the virus be excreted in feces after infection?
How long can the virus be excreted in feces after infection?
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Which characteristic is true regarding the environmental resilience of polioviruses?
Which characteristic is true regarding the environmental resilience of polioviruses?
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What is the most infectious period for individuals with polio?
What is the most infectious period for individuals with polio?
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What routes are primarily involved in the spread of poliomyelitis?
What routes are primarily involved in the spread of poliomyelitis?
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What is one of the symptoms of nonparalytic polio?
What is one of the symptoms of nonparalytic polio?
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Which type of carrier is most frequently encountered in endemic areas of poliomyelitis?
Which type of carrier is most frequently encountered in endemic areas of poliomyelitis?
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What happens to maternal antibodies in infants during the first six months of life?
What happens to maternal antibodies in infants during the first six months of life?
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From which specimen is the likelihood of poliovirus isolation the highest?
From which specimen is the likelihood of poliovirus isolation the highest?
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What does a four-fold titer rise between the acute and convalescent specimens indicate?
What does a four-fold titer rise between the acute and convalescent specimens indicate?
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What is the recommended IPV schedule for vaccination?
What is the recommended IPV schedule for vaccination?
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In which group is there an increased risk for poliomyelitis?
In which group is there an increased risk for poliomyelitis?
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What is a recommended action when a case of poliomyelitis is reported?
What is a recommended action when a case of poliomyelitis is reported?
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Why is seroprophylaxis by immunoglobulins not practical for protection?
Why is seroprophylaxis by immunoglobulins not practical for protection?
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What type of precaution should be taken in hospitals for wild virus disease?
What type of precaution should be taken in hospitals for wild virus disease?
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What is the necessary action for protecting contacts of a poliomyelitis case?
What is the necessary action for protecting contacts of a poliomyelitis case?
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What is the primary reason for immediate reporting of poliomyelitis cases by national health administrations?
What is the primary reason for immediate reporting of poliomyelitis cases by national health administrations?
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What role does molecular epidemiology play in the context of poliovirus outbreaks?
What role does molecular epidemiology play in the context of poliovirus outbreaks?
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What should be the immediate action taken when a wild poliovirus is isolated?
What should be the immediate action taken when a wild poliovirus is isolated?
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Why is the Global Polio Eradication Initiative significant?
Why is the Global Polio Eradication Initiative significant?
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What characteristic of polio contributes to its potential eradication?
What characteristic of polio contributes to its potential eradication?
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What is a direct consequence of overcrowding non-immune groups in a community regarding polio?
What is a direct consequence of overcrowding non-immune groups in a community regarding polio?
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How has the global effort to eradicate polio benefited the handling of other infectious diseases?
How has the global effort to eradicate polio benefited the handling of other infectious diseases?
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What is the implication of having a single child infected with poliovirus?
What is the implication of having a single child infected with poliovirus?
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Study Notes
Overview of Poliomyelitis
- Poliomyelitis, caused by three serotypes of poliovirus, is a highly infectious disease.
- Symptoms range from asymptomatic infection to non-specific febrile illness, aseptic meningitis, paralytic disease, and potential death.
- Characterized by an acute onset of flaccid paralysis.
Acute Poliomyelitis Phases
- Two phases are identified: minor (non-specific febrile illness) and major (aseptic meningitis/paralytic disease).
- The ratio of asymptomatic infections to paralytic cases varies between 1:100 to 1:1000.
Epidemiological Patterns
- The impact of polio varies by socioeconomic development and health care facilities.
- Immunization efforts have significantly altered disease patterns.
- In 2022, 22 cases of WPV1 were confirmed in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Causative Organism
- Poliovirus is part of the Picornaviridae family and contains three distinct antigenic types:
- Type I: "Leon," common in epidemics
- Type II: "Berlinhide," prevalent in endemic areas
- Type III: "Lansing," less frequently causes epidemics
- Humans are the sole reservoir for poliovirus.
Modes of Transmission
- Poliovirus transmission occurs through:
- Oral-oral contact (direct droplet infection)
- Faecal-oral routes (contaminated food/water)
- Infection risk increases with poor sanitation and overcrowding.
Diagnosis and Laboratory Testing
- Poliovirus isolation is most common from stool specimens, followed by pharyngeal swabs.
- Serological tests can indicate infection through a four-fold rise in titers.
- Cerebrospinal fluid analysis shows an increased lymphocyte count and mildly elevated protein.
Prevention Strategies
- Emphasize health promotion, environmental sanitation, and education on vaccination.
- Passive and active immunization are crucial for specific protection against polio.
- Tertiary prevention involved reducing complications after paralytic poliomyelitis.
Polio Eradication Efforts
- Single cases of poliomyelitis are considered public health emergencies necessitating immunization responses.
- WHO surveillance includes reporting cases, isolating infected individuals, and disinfection protocols.
- Coordination with national health systems is essential to manage cases and contact investigations.
Importance of Eradication
- Polio eradication is feasible due to:
- Exclusively human infection with no wild animal reservoirs.
- Availability of effective vaccines (OPV).
- Lifetime immunity post-infection.
- Short environmental survival of the virus.
- Continued presence of polio in marginalized communities risks resurgence globally.
Public Health Implications
- Failure to eradicate could lead to up to 200,000 new cases annually within a decade.
- Global polio initiatives enhance health systems, aiding in the surveillance and control of other infectious diseases.
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Description
This quiz covers the critical aspects of poliomyelitis, including its causative agent, symptoms, and epidemiological patterns. Explore the phases of the disease and the impact of immunization efforts on its prevalence. Understand the significance of poliovirus and its role in public health.
