Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterizes the weight loss associated with anorexia nervosa?
What characterizes the weight loss associated with anorexia nervosa?
- It occurs without any physical health implications.
- It results from malnutrition without any psychological factors.
- It is accompanied by a restriction of energy intake relative to requirements. (correct)
- It is solely a consequence of hypermetabolism.
What is the lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa in women?
What is the lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa in women?
- 0.3%
- 1.5%
- 0.9% (correct)
- 2.7%
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the severity of anorexia nervosa?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the severity of anorexia nervosa?
- It does not lead to physical health complications.
- It is associated with a suicide rate that is lower than average.
- It is considered the deadliest psychiatric illness with a high death rate. (correct)
- It has a lower death rate compared to all other mental illnesses.
How does Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) primarily affect individuals?
How does Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) primarily affect individuals?
What factor significantly contributes to the high hazard ratio associated with being underweight?
What factor significantly contributes to the high hazard ratio associated with being underweight?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anorexia nervosa?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anorexia nervosa?
What is a common psychological consequence of the energy intake restriction seen in anorexia and ARFID?
What is a common psychological consequence of the energy intake restriction seen in anorexia and ARFID?
Which disorder is specifically characterized by voluntary restriction of food intake without the presence of body image distortion?
Which disorder is specifically characterized by voluntary restriction of food intake without the presence of body image distortion?
How is the energy expenditure affected in individuals with anorexia nervosa?
How is the energy expenditure affected in individuals with anorexia nervosa?
What criterion must be met to be diagnosed with significantly low weight?
What criterion must be met to be diagnosed with significantly low weight?
Which BMI range qualifies as moderate severity in weight disorders?
Which BMI range qualifies as moderate severity in weight disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic criterion for Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)?
Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic criterion for Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)?
What is a common comorbidity associated with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder?
What is a common comorbidity associated with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder?
Which statement accurately describes a potential outcome of nutritional deficiencies from ARFID?
Which statement accurately describes a potential outcome of nutritional deficiencies from ARFID?
What behavior is indicative of severe complications from low body weight?
What behavior is indicative of severe complications from low body weight?
How is extreme low body weight severity defined?
How is extreme low body weight severity defined?
What psychological effect might result from a significant low weight diagnosis?
What psychological effect might result from a significant low weight diagnosis?
Which of the following describes a social impact of ARFID?
Which of the following describes a social impact of ARFID?
What is a key characteristic of the feeding or eating disturbance in ARFID?
What is a key characteristic of the feeding or eating disturbance in ARFID?
What is a significant physiological consequence of low body weight in individuals with anorexia nervosa?
What is a significant physiological consequence of low body weight in individuals with anorexia nervosa?
Cognitive flexibility involves the ability to:
Cognitive flexibility involves the ability to:
How does cognitive inflexibility manifest in individuals with anorexia nervosa?
How does cognitive inflexibility manifest in individuals with anorexia nervosa?
What evidence suggests cognitive inflexibility is a trait rather than a mere consequence of starvation?
What evidence suggests cognitive inflexibility is a trait rather than a mere consequence of starvation?
Which therapy method is suggested to enhance cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa?
Which therapy method is suggested to enhance cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa?
What is a key feature of cognitive inflexibility in anorexia nervosa?
What is a key feature of cognitive inflexibility in anorexia nervosa?
What is a characteristic behavioral symptom commonly associated with anorexia nervosa?
What is a characteristic behavioral symptom commonly associated with anorexia nervosa?
Which of the following hormones is typically found at low levels in patients with anorexia nervosa?
Which of the following hormones is typically found at low levels in patients with anorexia nervosa?
Chronic starvation in anorexia nervosa leads to elevated levels of which hormone?
Chronic starvation in anorexia nervosa leads to elevated levels of which hormone?
How does ARFID differ from anorexia nervosa in terms of body image perception?
How does ARFID differ from anorexia nervosa in terms of body image perception?
What physiological change occurs in response to chronic stress in patients with anorexia nervosa?
What physiological change occurs in response to chronic stress in patients with anorexia nervosa?
What is a prominent psychological characteristic associated with ARFID?
What is a prominent psychological characteristic associated with ARFID?
What cytokines are consistently elevated in patients with anorexia nervosa?
What cytokines are consistently elevated in patients with anorexia nervosa?
What type of foods do individuals with ARFID typically prefer?
What type of foods do individuals with ARFID typically prefer?
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with the hormone profile in anorexia nervosa?
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with the hormone profile in anorexia nervosa?
Which treatment method is specifically mentioned for younger children with ARFID?
Which treatment method is specifically mentioned for younger children with ARFID?
What aspect of the body’s response is altered due to receptor remodeling in anorexia nervosa?
What aspect of the body’s response is altered due to receptor remodeling in anorexia nervosa?
What common methods are used for older children with ARFID?
What common methods are used for older children with ARFID?
What is a key difference between anorexia nervosa and primary malnutrition regarding cytokine levels?
What is a key difference between anorexia nervosa and primary malnutrition regarding cytokine levels?
Which of the following conditions is often associated with ARFID?
Which of the following conditions is often associated with ARFID?
What was a primary goal for including ARFID in the DSM-V?
What was a primary goal for including ARFID in the DSM-V?
Which psychological disorders show significant diagnostic overlap with anorexia nervosa?
Which psychological disorders show significant diagnostic overlap with anorexia nervosa?
How might individuals with ARFID describe their feelings towards unfamiliar foods?
How might individuals with ARFID describe their feelings towards unfamiliar foods?
What aspect of ARFID severity must be considered when diagnosing the disorder?
What aspect of ARFID severity must be considered when diagnosing the disorder?
Why might ARFID be particularly challenging to classify within eating disorders?
Why might ARFID be particularly challenging to classify within eating disorders?
Study Notes
Overview of Negative Energy Balance Disorders
- Underweight conditions can result from psychiatric disorders like Anorexia Nervosa and Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), as well as hypermetabolic states such as cancer cachexia and hyperthyroidism.
- Underweight individuals face significant health risks; a BMI of 16 presents as high a hazard ratio as obesity.
Anorexia Nervosa
- Considered the deadliest psychiatric illness with a 20% mortality rate over 20 years.
- Physical death rates in this age group exceed expected levels by 5 times; suicide rates are 32 times higher than expected.
- Lifetime prevalence: 0.9% in women, 0.3% in men.
- Diagnostic criteria require:
- Significant restriction of energy intake leading to low body weight.
- Intense fear of gaining weight and persistent behaviors preventing weight gain.
- Disturbance in body weight or shape perception.
- Severity classifications:
- Mild: BMI over 17
- Moderate: BMI 16-16.99
- Severe: BMI 15-15.99
- Extreme: BMI less than 15
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
- Characterized by extreme fussy eating, often seen in individuals with autism; may relate to childhood illnesses.
- Diagnostic criteria highlight disturbances in eating leading to inadequate nutritional intake, including:
- Apparent lack of interest in food.
- Avoidance of foods due to sensory characteristics.
- Results can include significant weight loss, nutritional deficiencies, reliance on tube feeding, and interference with social functions.
- ARFID lacks the body image disturbances seen in anorexia nervosa.
- Development of ARFID emerged from DSM-V to clarify eating disorders, particularly linked to hyperactive fear processing associated with unfamiliar foods.
Treatment Approaches for ARFID
- Treatment varies; younger children may utilize engagement techniques like messy food picnics to safely introduce food.
- Older individuals often undergo Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to address food-related fears.
Physiological and Hormonal Changes in Anorexia Nervosa
- Cognitive symptoms may include perfectionism, rigid behavior, and obsessive preoccupations.
- Diagnostic overlap exists with anxiety disorders, obsessiveness, and autism spectrum disorders.
- Hormonal changes include:
- Low leptin and insulin; high ghrelin levels characteristic of low body weight.
- Chronic starvation leads to elevated cortisol and sympathetic nervous system responses, altering receptor sensitivity and tissue breakdown.
- Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF alpha) signify an inflammatory state distinct from primary malnutrition.
- Amenorrhea and anemia are common physiological manifestations due to low body weight.
Cognitive Flexibility in Anorexia Nervosa
- Cognitive flexibility is the ability to adapt to changing situations or tasks, crucial for responsive behavior.
- Cognitive inflexibility is a prominent feature, leading to fixations on food types and rituals, which can be a trait predisposing disorder onset.
- Improvements in cognitive flexibility correlate with symptom reduction in anorexia.
- Psychotherapy aids in adapting rigid thinking; potential treatments are being explored using psychedelics like psilocybin to enhance cognitive adaptability.
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Description
This quiz covers important aspects of negative energy balance disorders, focusing on conditions like Anorexia Nervosa and ARFID. It examines diagnostic criteria, prevalence, and the health risks associated with being underweight. Understand the classifications of severity and the alarming statistics related to mortality and mental health.
