Overview of ICT and Technology

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) encompasses all technologies enabling access, retrieval, storage, transmission, and manipulation of information in digital form.
ICT merges two main technologies: Computer Technology and Communications Technology.

Technology applies knowledge practically in specific fields, enhancing efficiency and problem-solving capabilities.
Billy Cox emphasizes that technology should enhance life, not dominate it.

A computer is defined as a programmable machine that processes data into useful information for users.
Evolution of computer technology includes five generations:
- First Generation (1951-1957): Characterized by the use of vacuum tubes.
- Second Generation (1958-1963): Introduced transistors for better performance.
- Third Generation (1964-1969): Used integrated circuits for compactness.
- Fourth Generation (1970-1990): Featured microprocessors, increasing speed and efficiency.
- Fifth Generation (1991-Present): Marked the age of connectivity, emphasizing networking and internet integration.

Involves methods and systems for communication over long distances, utilizing electromagnetic devices.
Plays a critical role in interpersonal and mass communication, supported by advancements in computer technology.

ICT has numerous examples in daily activities such as:
- Online shopping and banking.
- Social networking and communication via email and messaging applications.
- Accessing information through search engines and websites.
- E-learning platforms and teleconferencing for education and meetings.

Developed by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904, vacuum tubes were crucial for early electronic devices.
Advantages include enabling radio, television, and early computers but had drawbacks such as high power consumption and large size.

Invented in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, transistors reduced power usage and size while increasing reliability and speed.
Significantly improved computing power compared to vacuum tubes.

Integrated circuits (ICs) represent a substantial advancement in computer technology, allowing for miniaturization and increased performance.
Enabled the development of more complex and powerful computing systems.

Definition of Online Systems: Applications or information systems connected to a network, ready for use by computers or devices.
Definition of Online Platforms: Digital services facilitating interactions between users (individuals or organizations) over the Internet.

Online Marketplaces: Websites/apps that enable shopping from various third-party sources, where the marketplace operator processes transactions.
Collaborative/Sharing Economy: Platforms promoting peer-to-peer transactions for sharing idle assets and services or facilitating collaboration.
Communications: Services offering real-time voice, video, and messaging communication over networks.
Social Networks: Dedicated sites/apps that allow users to connect and share interests through groups and networks.
Search Engines: Websites/apps enabling users to search for internet content by entering keywords.
Maps: Platforms providing navigation and geographic information about locations worldwide.
News Aggregators: Web services that compile news stories and information, making them accessible in one location.
Music & Video Sharing: Platforms for streaming music/videos, allowing for sharing and downloading of multimedia content.
Payment Systems: Services that facilitate cashless transactions and financial processing online.
App Stores: Digital platforms for distributing software, allowing users to search for, buy, install, and review apps.

Online systems and platforms have become essential for maintaining communication, accessing services, and supporting economic activities amidst the pandemic.