Overview of IAS 16

IAS 16 sets out the accounting treatment for property, plant, and equipment (PPE).
Objective: To prescribe the recognition and measurement of PPE, including the criteria for initial recognition and how to measure carrying amounts.

Definition of PPE

Property, Plant, and Equipment are tangible assets:
- Held for use in production or supply of goods and services.
- Expected to be used for more than one period.

Recognition Criteria

An asset is recognized if:
1. It is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity.
2. The cost of the asset can be measured reliably.

Initial Measurement

PPE should be initially measured at cost, which includes:
- Purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable taxes.
- Directly attributable costs to bring the asset to working condition for its intended use.
- Initial estimate of dismantling and restoring costs.

Subsequent Measurement

Entities can choose between two models:
1. Cost Model:
  - Carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.
2. Revaluation Model:
  - Carried at fair value less subsequent accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.
  - Fair value determined by appraisal.

Depreciation

Systematic allocation of the depreciable amount (cost less residual value) over the asset's useful life.
Methods of depreciation:
- Straight-line method.
- Declining balance method (or reducing balance method).
- Units of production method.

Impairment

Review PPE for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.
Impairment loss is recognized as the excess of carrying amount over recoverable amount.

Derecognition

A PPE is removed from the financial statements when:
- The asset is disposed of.
- No future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal.

Disclosure Requirements

An entity must disclose:
- Measurement bases used for determining the gross carrying amount.
- Depreciation methods used.
- Useful lives or depreciation rates.
- Residual values of assets.
- Reconciliation of the carrying amount at the beginning and end of the period.

Summary

IAS 16 provides a comprehensive framework for accounting for PPE.
Emphasizes the proper measurement, depreciation, and disclosure of tangible assets to ensure accuracy in financial reporting.

IAS 16: Property, Plant and Equipment

Purpose: To set out the accounting rules for property, plant and equipment (PPE).
Focus: How to recognize, measure, and present information about PPE in financial statements.
Definition of PPE:
- Tangible assets (physical)
- Used for production or provision of goods and services
- Expected to be used for more than one accounting period
Recognition Criteria:
- Future economic benefits (probable)
- Cost reliably measurable
Initial Measurement:
- Measured at cost
  - Purchase price of the asset
  - Import duties and non- refundable taxes
  - Direct costs to bring the asset to working condition (making it ready for use)
  - Initial estimate of dismantling and restoration costs (costs that the company may have to pay in the future to remove or restore the asset when it's no longer useful)
Subsequent Measurement:
- Two models:
  - Cost Model: Carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses (depreciation is the gradual reduction in the value of an asset over time).
  - Revaluation Model: Carried at Fair Value less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. (Fair value is the market price that would be obtained if the asset was sold).
    - Fair Value is determined by appraisal (a professional assessment of the asset's worth)
Depreciation:
- Allocate the depreciable amount (cost less residual value) over the useful life of the asset.
  - Residual value is the estimated amount that the company expects to receive from selling the asset at the end of its useful life
- Depreciation Methods:
  - Straight-line method (same amount of depreciation expense is recognized every year)
  - Declining balance method (higher depreciation expense in the early years and lower depreciation expense in the later years)
  - Units of production method ( depreciation is calculated based on the actual use of the asset)
Impairment:
- Review PPE for impairment if there are events or changes that indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.
- Impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount
  - Recoverable amount is the higher of the asset's fair value less costs to sell, or its value in use (the present value of the future cash flows expected from the asset)
Derecognition:
- Remove PPE from the financial statements when:
  - The asset is disposed of (sold or transferred to another entity)
  - No future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal (the asset has no more value and will not be used).
Disclosure Requirements:
- Measurement bases used for determining the gross carrying amount (explaining how the value of the asset was determined)
- Depreciation Methods used (what method of depreciation was applied)
- Useful lives or depreciation rates (how long the asset is expected to be used)
- Residual values of assets (estimated value at the end of its useful life)
- Reconciliation of the carrying amount at the beginning and end of the period (showing any changes in the book value of assets throughout the period)
IAS 16 in a nutshell:
- Provides a framework for accounting for PPE
- Emphasizes accurate measurement, depreciation, and disclosure of tangible assets in financial reporting