Overview of Human Anatomy

Study of the structure of the human body.
Divided into two main branches:
- Gross Anatomy: Study of structures visible to the naked eye.
- Microscopic Anatomy: Study of tissues and cells with a microscope.

Body Systems

Skeletal System
- Composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments.
- Functions: support, protection of organs, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production.
Muscular System
- Comprises skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles.
- Functions: movement, maintaining posture, and heat production.
Nervous System
- Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- Functions: control and communication within the body, processing sensory information.
Circulatory System
- Includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- Functions: transport of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
Respiratory System
- Composed of the lungs, trachea, and diaphragm.
- Functions: gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and regulating blood pH.
Digestive System
- Involves the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.
- Functions: digestion and absorption of nutrients, waste elimination.
Endocrine System
- Includes glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
- Functions: hormone production and regulation of bodily processes.
Urinary System
- Comprised of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
- Functions: waste elimination, regulation of blood volume and pressure.
Reproductive System
- Males: testes, penis, vas deferens.
- Females: ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes.
- Functions: production of offspring and sex hormones.
Integumentary System
- Comprises skin, hair, nails, and glands.
- Functions: protection, temperature regulation, sensory perception.

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position: Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides with palms facing forward.
Planes of the Body:
- Sagittal Plane: Divides body into left and right.
- Coronal (Frontal) Plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior.
- Transverse Plane: Divides body into superior and inferior.

Important Concepts

Homeostasis: Maintaining stable internal conditions despite external changes.
Body Cavities:
- Dorsal Cavity: Contains the cranial and spinal cavities.
- Ventral Cavity: Contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Key Structures

Cells: Basic building blocks of life.
Tissues: Groups of similar cells performing a specific function (epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue).
Organs: Structures composed of tissues working together for a specific function (e.g., heart, lungs).
Organ Systems: Groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions.

Overview of Human Anatomy

Human anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the human body.
Divided into:
- Gross Anatomy: Involves structures that can be seen without a microscope.
- Microscopic Anatomy: Focuses on tissues and cells that require microscopic examination.

Body Systems

Skeletal System
- Comprises bones, cartilage, and ligaments.
- Provides support, organ protection, facilitates movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.
Muscular System
- Made up of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles.
- Responsible for movement, posture maintenance, and heat generation.
Nervous System
- Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- Functions in body communication and control, and processes sensory data.
Circulatory System
- Includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste.
Respiratory System
- Comprised of the lungs, trachea, and diaphragm.
- Facilitates gas exchange and helps regulate blood pH.
Digestive System
- Involves organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.
- Responsible for digesting food, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination.
Endocrine System
- Includes glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
- Regulates body processes through hormone production.
Urinary System
- Comprised of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
- Responsible for waste elimination and regulation of blood volume and pressure.
Reproductive System
- Male organs include testes, penis, and vas deferens.
- Female organs include ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes.
- Functions in producing offspring and sex hormone regulation.
Integumentary System
- Comprises skin, hair, nails, and glands.
- Acts as protection, regulates body temperature, and provides sensory information.

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position: Defined as standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides with palms facing outward.
Planes of the Body:
- Sagittal Plane: Divides body into left and right sides.
- Coronal (Frontal) Plane: Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.
- Transverse Plane: Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

Important Concepts

Homeostasis: The process by which the body maintains stable internal conditions despite external changes.
Body Cavities:
- Dorsal Cavity: Houses the cranial and spinal cavities.
- Ventral Cavity: Contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

Key Structures

Cells: The fundamental building blocks of all living organisms.
Tissues: Groups of similar cells that perform a specific function, including epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
Organs: Structures formed from tissues that work together to carry out a specific function (e.g., heart, lungs).
Organ Systems: Groups of organs collaborating to perform complex biological functions.