Overview of Grammar and Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech
- Noun: Person, place, thing, or idea.
- Pronoun: Replaces a noun (e.g., he, she, it).
- Verb: Action or state of being.
- Adjective: Describes or modifies a noun.
- Adverb: Modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.
- Preposition: Shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words.
- Conjunction: Connects words, phrases, or clauses.
- Interjection: Expresses strong emotion or surprise.
Sentence Structure
- Simple Sentence: Contains one independent clause.
- Compound Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction.
- Complex Sentence: Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
- Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Tenses
- Present: Describes current actions or states.
- Past: Describes actions or states that occurred before now.
- Future: Describes actions or states that will occur.
Subject-Verb Agreement
- Subjects and verbs must agree in number (singular/plural).
Punctuation
- Comma: Indicates a pause or separates items in a list.
- Period: Indicates the end of a sentence.
- Question Mark: Indicates a direct question.
- Exclamation Point: Indicates strong emotion.
- Semicolon: Connects closely related independent clauses.
- Colon: Introduces a list, a quotation, or an explanation.

Sentence Fragments: Incomplete sentences lacking a main clause.
Run-On Sentences: Two or more independent clauses improperly joined.
Misplaced Modifiers: Modifiers that are not placed next to the word they modify.
Apostrophe Misuse: Confusion between possessive form and contraction.

The systematic structure of a language, encompassing word formation, sentence structure, and punctuation.

Nouns: Represent people, places, things, or ideas (e.g., dog, school, happiness).
Pronouns: Replace nouns to avoid repetition (e.g., he, she, it, they).
Verbs: Express actions or states of being (e.g., run, think, be).
Adjectives: Describe or modify nouns (e.g., beautiful, large, red).
Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very, extremely).
Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns or pronouns and other words (e.g., on, in, under, to, from).
Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, or, because).
Interjections: Express strong emotions or surprise (e.g., Wow! Ouch! Oh no!).

Simple Sentence: Contains one independent clause (e.g., The dog barked.).
Compound Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., The dog barked, and the cat hissed.).
Complex Sentence: Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (e.g., While the dog barked, the cat hissed.).
Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause (e.g., The dog barked, and the cat hissed while the bird flew away.).

Present Tense: Describes actions or states happening now (e.g., She walks).
Past Tense: Describes actions or states that occurred before now (e.g., She walked).
Future Tense: Describes actions or states that will occur (e.g., She will walk).

Comma: Used for pauses, separating items in a list, and after introductory phrases.
Period: Marks the end of a sentence.
Question Mark: Indicates a direct question.
Exclamation Point: Shows strong emotion or surprise.
Semicolon: Connects closely related independent clauses.
Colon: Introduces a list, quotation, or explanation.