Overview of Embedded Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a microcontroller within an embedded system?

  • To provide extensive user interfaces for interaction
  • To store large volumes of data for long-term access
  • To handle data processing and execute instructions (correct)
  • To serve as the main power source for the system

    • Which of the following is NOT a typical component of an embedded system?

  • Microcontroller
  • Keyboard (correct)
  • Display Unit
  • Sensors

    • What advantage does on-chip flash memory provide in microcontrollers such as ATmel AVR?

  • Dependency on external memory components
  • Ability to easily update programs (correct)
  • Increased power consumption
  • Larger physical size

    • Which of the following statements about embedded systems is correct?

    <p>They usually serve dedicated functions within larger systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microcontroller was noted as one of the most popular families in history?

    <p>Intel 8051</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of embedded systems in terms of user interfaces?

    <p>Simple keypads and LCD displays are typically used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant requirement of an embedded system?

    <p>Real-time computing constraints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common disadvantage of embedded systems?

    <p>Limited scalability for different applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a microcontroller from a microprocessor?

    <p>Microcontrollers typically include built-in peripherals and interfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a primary component of an embedded system?

    <p>Networking capability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of embedded systems, what role do sensors and actuators play?

    <p>They serve to collect data from the environment and perform actions based on that data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the utilization of interrupts considered crucial in embedded systems programming?

    <p>Interrupts provide real-time data processing capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about memories mapping in embedded systems is accurate?

    <p>Memory mapping designates specific hardware resources to be accessed by the software.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of embedded systems used in modern vehicles?

    <p>They are designed to enhance both performance and safety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of data acquisition in embedded systems?

    <p>To collect and convert data from the real world into a digital format.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which programming approach is commonly used for controlling microcontrollers in embedded systems?

    <p>A combination of high-level and low-level languages such as C and assembly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes RISC architecture from CISC architecture?

    <p>RISC primarily focuses on a smaller set of instructions compared to CISC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the AVR microcontroller introduced by Atmel?

    <p>AVR is an 8-bit RISC single chip microcontroller developed in 1996.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the flash program memory capacity of the ATmega128 microcontroller?

    <p>128 Kbytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many programmable I/O lines does the ATmega16 microcontroller have?

    <p>32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which programming language is described as being more machine-specific compared to C?

    <p>Assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of RISC architecture in relation to instruction sets?

    <p>Instructions are designed to execute in a single clock cycle whenever possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is present in both the ATmega128 and ATmega16 microcontrollers?

    <p>General Purpose Working Registers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Advanced Virtual RISC processor' likely refer to in the context of AVR?

    <p>Another variant of RISC architecture with virtual capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major difference between microcontrollers and microprocessors in terms of cost?

    <p>Microcontrollers are typically cheaper than microprocessors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of speed, how do microcontrollers typically compare to microprocessors?

    <p>Microcontrollers run in the MHz range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes embedded systems from general-purpose computers?

    <p>Embedded systems are designed for specific tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the design cost of hardware and software is correct?

    <p>Hardware design costs tend to be higher than software design costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microcontroller family is associated with Intel?

    <p>8051</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do microcontrollers typically compare in power consumption to microprocessors?

    <p>Microcontrollers generally have low power consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical access time to memory in microcontrollers compared to microprocessors?

    <p>Microcontrollers have lower memory access time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes modifications easier in software compared to hardware?

    <p>Hardware modifications require physical changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Definition of Embedded Systems

    • A system with a built-in computer that performs a specific task
    • A computerized system embedded into equipment or a machine to control it
    • Found in everyday appliances like refrigerators, cars, washing machines, etc.
    • Unexpectedly common in modern life, including safety features like car safety features, and production site monitoring

    Embedded Systems in Safety

    • Modern vehicles are complex and use many embedded systems for driver control and road safety
    • Lexus LS-460 (released in September 2006) uses more than 100 ECUs (Electronic Control Units) when optional equipment is included
    • Embedded systems are essential for safety monitoring in remote locations

    Electronics vs. Embedded Systems

    • Microcontrollers (MCUs) offer flexibility and software-defined functionality in comparison to hardware-only electronics
    • Hardware Software
      Design Cost High
      Speed High
      Modifications Hard
      Maintainability Hard
      Time to Market Long
      Cost High

    Computers vs. Embedded Systems

    • A computer (PC or laptop) can run a wide range of applications and is controlled by the end-user
    • An embedded system is designed for specific tasks and the end-user typically has no control over what is running
    • Diagram*
    • Computer Complex Embedded Simple Embedded
      Applications Application(s) Firmware
      Operating System Operating System Firmware
      Hardware Hardware Hardware

    Embedded Systems Hardware

    • Includes a microcontroller containing:
      • Processor
      • Timers
      • Interrupt controller
      • I/O Devices
      • Memories
      • Ports
    • All components are typically on a single chip or System On Chip (SOC)

    Microcontroller (MCU) Advantages over Microprocessor (MP)

    • MCU includes almost all components on a single chip, whereas MP requires external components for interaction
    • Micro-controller | Micro-processor ----------------------- | -------- Cost | Cheap | Expensive Speed | Slow (in MHz) | Fast (in GHz) Purpose | Special | General Resources | Limited | Unlimited Access Time to Memory | Low | High Power Consumption | Low | Very High

    Microcontroller Families

    • 68H12: Motorola 68H11, 68HC12, …
    • 8051: Intel 8051, 8052, 80251,…
    • PIC: Microchip PIC16F628, 18F452, 16F877, …
    • AVR: Atmel ATmega128, ATtiny28L, AT90S8515,…

    CISC vs RISC

    • CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computer
      • Larger set of instructions with varying complexities
      • Instructions may take several clock cycles to execute
      • More difficult to implement in hardware but often makes programming easier
    • RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer
      • Smaller set of simpler instructions that typically execute in one clock cycle
      • Less complex and smaller hardware implementation
      • Often requires more instructions for the same operation but faster execution time
    • Comparison:
      • CISC | RISC --------- | -------- Instruction Set | Complex | Reduced Instruction Length | Variable | Fixed Clock Cycles | Multiple | One Hardware Complexity | High | Low

    AVR Microcontrollers

    • Developed by Atmel in 1996
    • AVR might stand for:
      • Advanced Virtual RISC processor
      • Alf and Vegard RISC processor
    • Basic architecture designed by students Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan
    • AVR is a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC single chip microcontroller

    Familiarizing with AVR Part Numbers

    • ATmel: The manufacturer
    • Mega, Tiny, Classic: The product groups
    • ATmega128: A Mega Group device with 128 KB flash memory
    • ATtiny44: A Tiny Group device with 4 KB flash memory
    • AT90S8515: A Classic Group device with 8 KB flash memory

    ATmega128 Features

    • 64 pin device
    • 53 Programmable I/O Lines
    • Advanced RISC Architecture
    • 128 Kbytes of Flash Program memory
    • 4 Kbytes EEPROM + 4 Kbytes Internal SRAM
    • 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
    • Two 8-bit, Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
    • External and Internal Vectored Interrupt Sources

    Atmel ATmega16 Features

    • 40 pin device
    • 32 Programmable I/O Lines
    • Advanced RISC Architecture
    • 16 Kbytes of Flash Program memory
    • 512 bytes EEPROM
    • 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
    • Two 8-bit, One 16-bit Timer/Counters
    • External and Internal Vectored Interrupt Sources

    Programming Languages/Methods

    • Assembly language:
    • Machine specific language
    • Deals directly with registers and memory locations
    • Good for optimization and tight control
    • Less intuitive and harder to debug
    • C language:
    • High-level language
    • More portable and task-oriented
    • Uses variables and is more English-like
    • Easier to write and debug

    Arduino

    • Open-source platform based on flexible and easy-to-use hardware and software
    • Primarily intended for hobbyists

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    Related Documents

    Embedded Systems _ Lec 1_Introduction-1.pdf

    Description

    This quiz explores the definition, application, and importance of embedded systems in modern technology. You'll learn about their roles in safety features, everyday appliances, and the differences between electronics and embedded systems. Test your knowledge on these essential components of our daily lives!

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