Overview of Botany

Botany is the scientific study of plants, including their structure, properties, and biochemical processes.
It encompasses the study of various plant groups such as algae, fungi, and terrestrial plants.

Plant Anatomy:
- Study of the internal structure of plants at the cellular and tissue level.
- Key concepts: types of tissues (meristematic, permanent), types of cells (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma).
Plant Physiology:
- Study of plant functions including photosynthesis, respiration, and water transport.
- Key concepts: chlorophyll, stomata, transpiration.
Plant Taxonomy:
- Classification and naming of plants based on their characteristics.
- Key concepts: binomial nomenclature, hierarchical classification (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species).
Plant Ecology:
- Study of the relationship between plants and their environment.
- Key concepts: ecosystems, plant communities, biogeography.
Plant Pathology:
- Study of plant diseases and their causes, effects, and management.
- Key concepts: pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses), disease cycles, symptomatology.

Roots:
- Anchor plants, absorb water and nutrients.
- Types: taproot (single main root) and fibrous (multiple small roots).
Stems:
- Support leaves and flowers; transport nutrients and water.
- Types: herbaceous (soft) and woody.
Leaves:
- Main site of photosynthesis; composed of blade and petiole.
- Types: simple (single blade) and compound (multiple leaflets).
Flowers:
- Reproductive structures; attract pollinators.
- Parts: sepals, petals, stamens (male), and pistils (female).

Botany is the study of plants, including their structure, properties, and processes.
It encompasses the study of diverse plant groups: algae, fungi, and terrestrial plants.

Plant Anatomy:
- Focuses on the internal plant structure at the cellular and tissue level.
- Key concepts include tissue types (meristematic, permanent) and cell types (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma).
Plant Physiology:
- Investigates plant functions: photosynthesis, respiration, and water transport.
- Key concepts include chlorophyll, stomata, and transpiration.
Plant Taxonomy:
- Classifies and names plants based on characteristics.
- Key concepts include binomial nomenclature, hierarchical classification (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species).
Plant Ecology:
- Studies the relationship between plants and their environment.
- Key concepts include ecosystems, plant communities, and biogeography.
Plant Pathology:
- Investigates plant diseases, encompassing causes, effects, and management.
- Key concepts include pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses), disease cycles, and symptomatology.

Roots:
- Anchor plants and absorb water and nutrients.
- Types include taproot (single main root) and fibrous (multiple small roots).
Stems:
- Support leaves and flowers, while also transporting nutrients and water.
- Types include herbaceous (soft) and woody stems.
Leaves:
- The primary site of photosynthesis.
- Composed of a blade and petiole.
- Types include simple (single blade) and compound (multiple leaflets).
Flowers:
- Reproductive structures that attract pollinators.
- Parts include sepals, petals, stamens (male), and pistils (female).

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
Occurs in chloroplasts using chlorophyll.