Overview of Bones and Cartilage
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of trabeculae in spongy bone?

  • To house red blood cells in the haversian canal
  • To store fat within the bone marrow
  • To facilitate nutrient exchange through diffusion
  • To provide a lattice-like structure for support (correct)

Which statement about osteocytes is accurate?

  • Osteocytes are immature bone cells located in the haversian canal.
  • Osteocytes only function during the initial stages of bone development.
  • Osteocytes are responsible for the formation of trabeculae.
  • Osteocytes communicate with other osteocytes via canaliculi. (correct)

What is the composition of the extracellular matrix in bone primarily made of?

  • Fibroblasts and epithelial cells
  • Adipose tissue and muscle fibers
  • Elastic fibers and cartilage cells
  • Collagen fibers and mineral deposits (correct)

Which feature differentiates spongy bone from woven bone?

<p>Spongy bone is organized into trabeculae. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do osteocytes in spongy bone primarily obtain nutrients?

<p>Via diffusion through canaliculi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where in the body would you typically find elastic cartilage?

<p>In the external ear and epiglottis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage provides the strongest resistance to compression?

<p>Fibrocartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the matrix play in cartilage function?

<p>Matrix supports cell adherence and transmits mechanical stress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone tissue?

<p>They synthesize and mineralize bone matrix during formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone cell is responsible for monitoring mechanical stresses in bone tissue?

<p>Osteocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the haversian canals and allows for nutrient exchange between osteons?

<p>Volkmann’s canal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component forms the extracellular matrix of bone tissue, providing it with strength and rigidity?

<p>Collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lamellae are located just beneath the periosteum and provide additional support to the bone?

<p>Circumferential lamellae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?

<p>They break down bone tissue and resorb minerals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do canaliculi in bone tissue facilitate?

<p>Nutrient and waste exchange among osteocytes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lamellae are found between newly formed osteons?

<p>Interstitial lamellae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component found in cartilage's extracellular matrix?

<p>Collagen fibers and proteoglycans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for producing cartilage?

<p>Chondrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix in cartilage?

<p>Provide flexibility and compressibility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure enables nutrient exchange in cartilage?

<p>Tiny channels in the matrix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is primarily found in areas requiring support with some flexibility, such as the ear and epiglottis?

<p>Elastic cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is hyaline cartilage typically found in the body?

<p>Articular surfaces of joints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of elastic cartilage?

<p>Allow for flexibility and return to original shape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of collagen is predominantly found in hyaline cartilage?

<p>Type II collagen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do chondrocytes receive nutrients in avascular cartilage?

<p>Via diffusion from nearby blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do chondroblasts play in cartilage?

<p>Produce the extracellular matrix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of fibrocartilage's extracellular matrix?

<p>Mainly composed of type I collagen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which structure is elastic cartilage primarily found?

<p>Epiglottis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes chondrocytes from chondroblasts?

<p>Chondrocytes are in a less active state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the perichondrium serve for cartilage?

<p>Contains blood vessels for nutrient exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage has a higher proportion of type I collagen compared to type II collagen?

<p>Fibrocartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chondrocytes?

<p>Synthesize extracellular matrix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of compact bone?

<p>Concentric layers of bone surrounding central canals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cartilage type provides the best shock absorption due to its matrix arrangement?

<p>Fibrocartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Osteon

The functional unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric layers of bone matrix around a central canal.

Lamellae

Concentric layers of bone matrix in an osteon.

Trabeculae

Thin, branching plates of bone in spongy bone, forming a lattice-like structure.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells located in lacunae within bone.

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Gap Junctions

Structures that allow communication between osteocytes.

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Spongy Bone

A type of mature bone with a lattice-like structure of trabeculae.

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Bone Marrow

Soft tissue filling spaces between trabeculae in spongy bone.

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Central Haversian Canal

Central canal in an osteon, containing blood vessels and nerves.

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Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that secrete bone matrix during bone formation.

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Osteoclasts

Large cells that break down bone tissue, releasing minerals.

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Haversian canals

Central canals in each osteon, containing blood vessels and nerves.

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Canaliculi

Tiny channels that connect osteocytes for nutrient and waste exchange.

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Concentric lamellae

Layers of bone matrix arranged around haversian canal, providing strength.

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Interstitial lamellae

Fragments of old osteons between new osteons, remnants of remodeling.

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Circumferential lamellae

Layers encircling the entire bone, adding strength.

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Volkmann's canals

Horizontal channels perpendicular to haversian canals, connecting blood vessels.

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Compact bone

Dense bone tissue with osteons.

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Bone Remodeling

The continuous process of bone breakdown and formation.

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Bone formation

The process where new bone tissue is created.

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Blood Vessel

A tube in living organisms that carries blood.

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Bone

Rigid tissue that forms part of the skeleton.

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Hyaline Cartilage

A type of cartilage with a firm yet flexible matrix, providing smooth surfaces for joints, supporting structures, and acting as bone templates.

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Elastic Cartilage

A flexible type of cartilage that can return to its original shape after compression or bending, due to high amounts of elastic fibers.

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Fibrocartilage

A type of cartilage with high tensile strength, providing support and resistance to compression and tension. Abundant in collagen fibers.

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Chondrocytes

Mature cartilage cells located within lacunae (spaces) in the cartilage matrix.

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Osteon (Haversian System)

The structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae (layers) surrounding a central canal.

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Perichondrium

Connective tissue layer surrounding cartilage, containing blood vessels for cartilage growth and repair. Two layers, inner and outer.

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Lacunae

Small spaces within the matrix that hold cartilage and bone cells.

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Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

The non-cellular material composing cartilage and bone, containing various fibers and ground substances for support.

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Chondroblast

Immature cartilage cell actively producing cartilage matrix.

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Study Notes

Overview of Bones and Cartilage

  • General objective: To understand various types and components of cartilage and bone, and their functions.
  • Specific objectives:
    • Recognize the histological appearance of hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
    • Understand the structure of compact and spongy bone, including osteons and canals.
    • Differentiate between osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, and their roles in bone formation.

Hyaline Cartilage

  • Identify:
    • Extracellular matrix: a gel-like substance composed of water, collagen (primarily type II), and proteoglycans, providing structural support.
    • Chondrocytes within lacunae: cartilage cells (chondrocytes) located in small spaces (lacunae) within the matrix.

Elastic Cartilage

  • Identify:
    • Extracellular Matrix: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but with more elastic fibers for flexibility.
    • Chondrocytes located within lacunae.
    • Elastic fibers: Abundant in the extracellular matrix, providing flexibility.

Fibrocartilage

  • Identify:
    • Thick bundles of type I collagen (visible under a microscope) are parallel.
    • Cartilage matrix: a mix of type II collagen and proteoglycans (but is dominated by type I collagen).
    • Chondrocytes within lacunae (fewer in number than hyaline or elastic cartilage).
    • Dense connective tissue arrangement: the matrix contains dense, parallel bundles of type I collagen.

Compact Bone

  • Identify:
    • Haversian system (osteon): concentric layers (lamellae) surrounding a central haversian canal.
    • Osteocytes: mature bone cells found in lacunae.
    • Haversian canal and canaliculi: the central canal in each osteon, containing blood vessels and nerves, providing nutrient and waste exchange to bone cells.
    • Concentric lamellae: layers of bone matrix arranged in concentric rings around the haversian canal, providing strength.
    • Interstitial lamellae: fragments of old osteons found between newer ones.

Spongy Bone

  • Identify:
    • Trabeculae: thin branching plates or beams forming a lattice-like structure.
    • Osteocytes: mature bone cells located within the trabeculae.
    • Function: Lightweight, structural support, houses bone marrow, and accommodates blood cell production.

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Description

This quiz covers the various types and structures of bone and cartilage, focusing on their histological features and functions. You'll learn to recognize the differences between hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage, as well as the components of compact and spongy bone. Understand the roles of different cell types in bone formation, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

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