Overview of Biology

Study of life and living organisms.
Encompasses various fields including genetics, ecology, evolution, and physiology.

Zoology: Study of animals.
Botany: Study of plants.
Microbiology: Study of microorganisms.
Genetics: Study of heredity and variation in organisms.
Ecology: Study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
Evolutionary Biology: Study of the origins and changes in biodiversity over time.

Cell Theory:
- All living organisms are composed of cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Homeostasis:
- The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions.
Metabolism:
- All chemical reactions that occur within living organisms to maintain life.
Reproduction:
- Process by which organisms produce new individuals.
- Can be sexual (involving two parents) or asexual (one parent).

Photosynthesis:
- Process by which green plants convert sunlight into chemical energy (glucose).
Cellular Respiration:
- Process of converting glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.
Protein Synthesis:
- Process of creating proteins based on DNA sequences, involving transcription and translation.

Molecular: Atoms and molecules.
Cellular: Cells.
Tissue: Groups of cells with similar functions.
Organ: Structures composed of different tissues.
Organ System: Groups of organs working together.
Organism: Individual living entities.
Population: Groups of individuals of the same species.
Community: All populations in a given area.
Ecosystem: Community plus the non-living environment.
Biosphere: Global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships.

Theory of Evolution:
- Proposed by Charles Darwin; explains how species change over time through natural selection.
Natural Selection:
- Mechanism by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

DNA Structure: Double helix, composed of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
Genes: Segments of DNA that code for proteins.
Chromosomes: Structures made of DNA found in the nucleus of cells.

Food Chains and Webs:
- Energy flow through ecosystems; involves producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Biomes:
- Large ecological areas on Earth, characterized by specific climates and ecosystems (e.g., tundra, rainforest).

Organ Systems:
- Circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, etc.
Homeostasis in Humans:
- Temperature regulation, pH balance, and fluid balance.

Biotechnology: Use of living systems and organisms to develop or create products.
Genomics: Study of genomes, including sequencing and analyzing genetic information.
Conservation Biology: Efforts to protect biodiversity and ecosystems.

Focuses on the study of life and various living organisms, integrating multiple fields.

Zoology: Investigates animals, their behavior, and physiology.
Botany: Explores plant life, including structure, growth, and classification.
Microbiology: Examines microorganisms, their functions, and their roles in ecosystems.
Genetics: Studies heredity, genes, and variation among organisms.
Ecology: Analyzes the relationships between organisms and their environment.
Evolutionary Biology: Investigates the evolution of species and the mechanisms driving biodiversity.

Cell Theory:
- All life forms are cell-based, with cells as the fundamental unit of life, arising from existing cells.
Homeostasis:
- Organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Metabolism:
- Encompasses all chemical reactions in organisms essential for life.
Reproduction:
- Organisms generate new individuals, either sexually or asexually.

Photosynthesis:
- Plants transform sunlight into chemical energy (glucose).
Cellular Respiration:
- Converts glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.
Protein Synthesis:
- Involves the creation of proteins through transcription of DNA to RNA and subsequent translation.

Molecular: Basic chemical units (atoms and molecules).
Cellular: Individual cells, the basic unit of life.
Tissue: Collections of similar cells performing a common function.
Organ: Structures comprised of different tissue types.
Organ System: Groups of organs working collectively to perform complex functions.
Organism: A single individual organism.
Population: Groups of individuals of the same species in a specific area.
Community: All interacting populations within a particular region.
Ecosystem: Interactions of communities with their physical environment.
Biosphere: The global ecological system encompassing all living organisms and their interrelations.

Theory of Evolution: Articulated by Charles Darwin, explaining the gradual changes in species through natural selection.
Natural Selection: Favorable traits enhance survival and reproductive success, shaping species over time.

DNA Structure: Comprises a double helix formed from nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
Genes: DNA segments that code for specific proteins.
Chromosomes: DNA structures residing in cell nuclei, carrying genetic information.

Food Chains and Webs: Illustrate energy transfer within ecosystems, involving producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Biomes: Major ecological zones defined by climate and distinct ecosystems, such as tundras and rainforests.

Organ Systems: Critical systems include circulatory, respiratory, and digestive working in harmony.
Homeostasis in Humans: Mechanisms like temperature and pH regulation maintain internal equilibrium.

Biotechnology: Application of biological processes for product development.
Genomics: Focuses on the study of genomes, including genetic sequencing and analysis.
Conservation Biology: Dedicated to the preservation of biodiversity and ecological systems.