Overview of Biology Concepts

Study of life and living organisms.
Includes various fields such as molecular biology, ecology, genetics, and microbiology.

Cell Theory
- All living organisms are composed of cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Evolution
- Species change over time through natural selection.
- Common ancestry of all life forms.
Genetics
- Study of heredity and variation.
- Fundamental unit of heredity: gene.
Homeostasis
- Regulation of internal environment to maintain stable conditions.
- Mechanisms include feedback loops (positive and negative).
Energy and Metabolism
- All living organisms require energy for growth and reproduction.
- Metabolic pathways convert energy from food into usable forms (e.g., ATP).

Molecular Level: Atoms and molecules (e.g., DNA, proteins).
Cellular Level: Cells and their organelles (e.g., mitochondria, nucleus).
Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells (e.g., muscle tissue).
Organ Level: Structures made up of different tissues (e.g., heart).
Organ System Level: Groups of organs that work together (e.g., circulatory system).
Organism Level: Individual living things.
Population Level: Group of the same species in a specific area.
Community Level: Different populations interacting in a habitat.
Ecosystem Level: Community plus its physical environment.
Biosphere Level: Global sum of all ecosystems.

Domains of Life:
- Bacteria: Prokaryotic, unicellular.
- Archaea: Prokaryotic, often extremophiles.
- Eukarya: Eukaryotic, includes plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Taxonomic Ranks: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Photosynthesis: Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Cellular Respiration: Process of converting glucose into ATP, involving aerobic or anaerobic pathways.
Reproduction:
- Asexual: Offspring identical to parent (e.g., binary fission).
- Sexual: Genetic material from two parents combines.

Proteins: Made of amino acids; essential for structure and function in organisms.
Nucleic Acids: DNA (genetic information) and RNA (protein synthesis).
Carbohydrates: Sugars and starches; provide energy and structural support.
Lipids: Fats and oils; important for membrane structure and energy storage.

Genomics: Study of genomes; application in medicine and biotechnology.
Biotechnology: Use of living organisms to develop products (e.g., genetic engineering).
Conservation Biology: Study of biodiversity and strategies for conservation.

Biology is a vast and dynamic field, continuously evolving with new research and technologies, contributing to our understanding of life and its myriad forms.

The study of life and living organisms encompasses various fields such as molecular biology, ecology, genetics and microbiology.

Cell Theory: all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Evolution: species change over time through natural selection, all life forms share a common ancestry.
Genetics: the study of heredity and variation, the fundamental unit of heredity is a gene.
Homeostasis: the regulation of the internal environment to maintain stable conditions through feedback loops (positive and negative).
Energy and Metabolism: living organisms require energy for growth and reproduction, metabolic pathways convert energy from food into usable forms (e.g., ATP).

Molecular Level: atoms and molecules, (e.g., DNA, proteins).
Cellular Level: cells and their organelles (e.g., mitochondria, nucleus).
Tissue Level: groups of similar cells (e.g., muscle tissue).
Organ Level: structures made up of different tissues (e.g., heart).
Organ System Level: groups of organs that work together (e.g., circulatory system).
Organism Level: individual living things.
Population Level: group of the same species in a specific area.
Community Level: different populations interacting in a habitat.
Ecosystem Level: community plus its physical environment.
Biosphere Level: global sum of all ecosystems.

Domains of Life:
- Bacteria: prokaryotic, unicellular.
- Archaea: prokaryotic, often extremophiles.
- Eukarya: eukaryotic, includes plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Taxonomic Ranks: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Photosynthesis: process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Cellular Respiration: process that converts glucose into ATP through aerobic or anaerobic pathways.
Reproduction:
- Asexual: offspring identical to parent (e.g., binary fission).
- Sexual: genetic material from two parents combines.

Proteins: made of amino acids; essential for structure and function in organisms.
Nucleic Acids: DNA (genetic information) and RNA (protein synthesis).
Carbohydrates: sugars and starches; provide energy and structural support.
Lipids: fats and oils; important for membrane structure and energy storage.

Genomics: study of genomes; application in medicine and biotechnology.
Biotechnology: use of living organisms to develop products (e.g., genetic engineering).
Conservation Biology: study of biodiversity and strategies for conservation.

Biology is a vast and dynamic field, continuously evolving with new research and technologies, contributing to our understanding of life and its myriad forms.