Overview of Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms.
It encompasses various fields and levels of organization, from molecular biology to ecology.

Cell Biology
- Studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells.
- Understanding cellular processes and signaling pathways.
Genetics
- Focuses on heredity, genetic variation, and the role of genes.
- Includes molecular genetics (DNA structure and function) and population genetics.
Evolutionary Biology
- Examines the processes that drive the evolution of species.
- Key concepts include natural selection, adaptation, and speciation.
Ecology
- Studies interactions between organisms and their environment.
- Involves ecosystem dynamics, population dynamics, and conservation biology.
Physiology
- Investigates the functions of biological systems.
- Encompasses organ systems, homeostasis, and metabolic processes.
Microbiology
- Focuses on microscopic organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
- Relevant in medical science, environmental science, and biotechnology.

Cell Theory
- All living organisms are composed of cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Gene Theory
- Genes are the units of heredity and are composed of DNA.
- Genetic information is passed from parent to offspring.
Homeostasis
- The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions.
- Involves regulation of temperature, pH, and other vital parameters.

Photosynthesis
- Conversion of light energy into chemical energy by plants.
- Occurs in chloroplasts and involves chlorophyll.
Cellular Respiration
- Process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP).
- Includes glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
Protein Synthesis
- DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins.
- Involves ribosomes, tRNA, and various enzymes.

Microscopy: Techniques for visualizing cells and microorganisms.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Amplifies DNA for analysis.
Gel Electrophoresis: Technique for separating DNA fragments based on size.
CRISPR-Cas9: A tool for gene editing that allows precise alterations to DNA.

Synthetic biology: Engineering new biological parts and systems.
Biotechnology: Application of biological systems for industrial purposes.
Conservation biology: Protecting biodiversity and ecosystems in the face of environmental change.

Medicine: Understanding diseases, developing treatments, and vaccines.
Agriculture: Enhancing crop yields and developing pest-resistant varieties.
Environmental Science: Studying ecological impacts and promoting sustainability.

Cell Biology: Studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells
Genetics: Focuses on heredity, genetic variation, and the role of genes.
- Includes molecular genetics (DNA structure and function) and population genetics.
Evolutionary Biology: Examines the processes that drive the evolution of species.
- Key concepts include natural selection, adaptation, and speciation.
Ecology: Studies interactions between organisms and their environment.
- Involves ecosystem dynamics, population dynamics, and conservation biology.
Physiology: Investigates the functions of biological systems.
- Encompasses organ systems, homeostasis, and metabolic processes.
Microbiology: Focuses on microscopic organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
- Relevant in medical science, environmental science, and biotechnology.

Cell Theory: All living organisms are composed of cells, the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Gene Theory: Genes are the units of heredity composed of DNA, and genetic information is passed from parent to offspring.
Homeostasis: The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions, involving regulation of temperature, pH, and other vital parameters.

Observation: Identifying phenomena to study.
Hypothesis: Formulating a testable prediction.
Experimentation: Conducting controlled tests to evaluate the hypothesis.
Analysis: Interpreting data collected from experiments.
Conclusion: Drawing inferences and determining if the hypothesis is supported.

Photosynthesis: Conversion of light energy into chemical energy by plants occurring in chloroplasts and involving chlorophyll.
Cellular Respiration: Process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP) including glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
Protein Synthesis: DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins with the involvement of ribosomes, tRNA, and various enzymes.

Microscopy: Techniques for visualizing cells and microorganisms.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Amplifies DNA for analysis.
Gel Electrophoresis: Technique for separating DNA fragments based on size.
CRISPR-Cas9: A tool for gene editing that allows precise alterations to DNA.

Synthetic biology: Engineering new biological parts and systems.
Biotechnology: Application of biological systems for industrial purposes.
Conservation biology: Protecting biodiversity and ecosystems in the face of environmental change.

Medicine: Understanding diseases, developing treatments, and vaccines.
Agriculture: Enhancing crop yields and developing pest-resistant varieties.
Environmental Science: Studying ecological impacts and promoting sustainability.