Overview of Biology and Its Branches

Zoology: Study of animals
Botany: Study of plants
Microbiology: Study of microorganisms
Genetics: Study of heredity and genetic variation
Ecology: Study of ecosystems and interactions among organisms
Biochemistry: Study of chemical processes within living organisms
Cell Biology: Study of cells, their physiological properties, structure, and interactions

Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable internal environment
Metabolism: Chemical reactions in organisms for energy production and material synthesis
Adaptation: Changes in organisms that enhance survival and reproduction
Evolution: Gradual development of organisms over time through natural selection

DNA Structure: Double helix made of nucleotides
Gene Expression: Process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product (usually proteins)
Mendelian Genetics: Principles of inheritance established by Gregor Mendel

Ecosystem: Community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment
Food Chains: Series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food
Energy Flow: Sunlight --> Producers (Plants) --> Consumers (Herbivores, Carnivores) --> Decomposers

Photosynthesis: Process by which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy
Cell Respiration: Process of breaking down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP
Protein Synthesis: Process of creating proteins from amino acids based on genetic information

Natural Selection: Mechanism by which traits become more or less common in a population based on their survival advantage
Speciation: Formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Technique to amplify DNA
Gel Electrophoresis: Method for separating DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size
CRISPR-Cas9: Gene-editing technology with applications in genetics and biotechnology

Biology is the study of living organisms, encompassing their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution.

Zoology: Focuses on the study of animals.
Botany: Exclusively studies plants.
Microbiology: Explores the world of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Genetics: Delves into heredity, the passing of traits from parents to offspring, and genetic variation.
Ecology: Investigates ecosystems, the intricate relationships between living organisms and their environment.
Biochemistry: Explores the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.
Cell Biology: Studies the fundamental unit of life, the cell, including its structure, function, and interactions.

Molecules: The building blocks of life, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Cells: The fundamental units of life, carrying out essential life functions.
Tissues: Groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
Organs: Structures composed of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.
Organ Systems: Groups of organs working together to perform a coordinated function.
Organisms: Complete living beings made up of organ systems.
Populations: Groups of individuals of the same species living in the same area.
Communities: Interacting populations of different species in a specific area.
Ecosystems: Communities of living organisms interacting with their physical environment.
Biosphere: The sum of all ecosystems on Earth, encompassing all life and its environments.

Homeostasis: The ability of organisms to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism, including energy production and material synthesis.
Adaptation: Changes in organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments.
Evolution: The gradual development of organisms over time, driven by natural selection.

DNA Structure: A double helix, composed of nucleotides, carrying the genetic code.
Gene Expression: The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, usually proteins.
Mendelian Genetics: The fundamental principles of inheritance, established by Gregor Mendel, describing how traits are passed from parents to offspring.

Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting within a specific physical environment.
Food Chains: Series of organisms, each dependent on the next for food, representing energy flow.
Energy Flow: The movement of energy through an ecosystem, typically starting with sunlight, absorbed by producers, and passed to consumers, with decomposers breaking down organic matter.

Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen.
Cell Respiration: The process by which cells break down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP.
Protein Synthesis: The process of creating proteins from amino acids, following the genetic code in DNA.

Natural Selection: The mechanism driving evolution, where traits that increase survival and reproduction become more prevalent in a population over time.
Speciation: The process by which new species arise from existing ones, often through geographic isolation.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): A technique to amplify DNA segments for analysis and study.
Gel Electrophoresis: A method for separating DNA, RNA, or proteins based on their size, used in genetic analysis.
CRISPR-Cas9: A revolutionary gene-editing technology with applications in genetics and biotechnology, allowing precise modifications to DNA sequences.