Overview of Anemia

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Questions and Answers

What is a common symptom of anemia that manifests as a change in the skin?

  • Skin rash
  • Excessive sweating
  • Increased skin elasticity
  • General pallor (correct)

What type of anemia is often linked to individuals with inadequate dietary intake?

  • Sickle cell disease
  • Aplastic anemia
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Iron deficiency anemia (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of anemia?

  • Bone marrow suppression due to certain factors
  • Blood loss from injuries or chronic bleeding
  • Intestinal disorders affecting nutrient absorption
  • Excessive consumption of iron-rich foods (correct)

What is a common cardiovascular symptom that can occur with anemia?

<p>Rapid heartbeat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can contribute to anemia?

<p>Chronic kidney disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of sickle cell disease?

<p>Abnormal hemoglobin structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anemia can result in neurological symptoms?

<p>Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of anemia related to nail health?

<p>Brittle, concave nails (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

<p>To transport oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of anemia?

<p>Increased blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a decrease in the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume?

<p>Anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the production of red blood cells?

<p>Erythropoiesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main categories of causes for anemia?

<p>Impaired erythrocyte production, blood loss, increased erythrocyte destruction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is anemia typically classified?

<p>By its cause and changes in erythrocyte size, shape, or substance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the hemoglobin content of red blood cells?

<p>Chromic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true statement about anemia?

<p>Anemia is a clinical indicator. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT a direct result of impaired bone marrow function?

<p>Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia (A), Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia (C), Sickle Cell Anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of folic acid supplementation in individuals with Vitamin B12 deficiency?

<p>Masking neurological symptoms of B12 deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of aplastic anemia?

<p>Jaundice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of sickle cell anemia that distinguishes it from other anemias?

<p>Abnormal hemoglobin chains leading to distorted red blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial nursing consideration related to the administration of intranasal medications?

<p>Avoiding administration within one hour of consuming hot foods or beverages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential drug interaction with folic acid?

<p>Methotrexate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an expected evaluation indicator for folic acid treatment?

<p>Preventing neural tube defects in pregnancies (C), Resolving megaloblastic anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of sickle cell anemia?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of iron supplements?

<p>Dizziness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended administration method for Iron Dextran?

<p>Intramuscular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is used to treat Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?

<p>Cyanocobalamin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of red blood cells (RBCs) in Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?

<p>Megaloblastic or macrocytic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of Vitamin B12 deficiency?

<p>Iron deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which iron supplements are absorbed?

<p>Active transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential drug interaction with iron supplements?

<p>Antacids/Dairy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to mitigate gastrointestinal side effects associated with iron supplement use?

<p>Take the medication 1-2 hours before meals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

RBCs (erythrocytes)

Red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport.

Anemia

Reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the blood.

Hematocrit

Percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume.

Hemoglobin

The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

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Hematopoiesis

The process of producing red blood cells in the body.

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Hypoxia

Reduced oxygen supply to tissues due to low RBC count.

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Leukopenia

Condition characterized by low white blood cell count.

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Thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count affecting blood clotting ability.

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Cues for Anemia

Factors indicating susceptibility to anemia, including age, diet, and diseases.

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Iron Deficiency Anemia

The most common anemia type, often due to low iron intake or absorption.

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Bone Marrow Suppression

Factors reducing the production of red blood cells (RBCs) in the body.

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Signs of Anemia

Common symptoms include pallor, fatigue, and rapid heartbeat.

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Skin Pallor in Anemia

A pale appearance, particularly noticeable in certain body areas.

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Chronic Diseases Related to Anemia

Conditions like kidney disease and cancer that may cause anemia.

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Types of Anemia

Classifications include iron deficiency, sickle cell, and aplastic anemia.

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Symptoms of Severe Anemia

Severe forms can lead to breathlessness, abnormal heart sounds, and delirium.

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Hypokalemia

A condition marked by low potassium levels in the blood.

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Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia

A type of anemia caused by inadequate dietary folate intake.

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Folic Acid

A medication used to treat megaloblastic anemia and prevent folate deficiencies.

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Aplastic Anemia

A condition characterized by a deficiency of circulating RBCs due to impaired bone marrow function.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

A genetic disorder where abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to become sickle-shaped.

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Adverse Reactions of Folic Acid

Possible side effects include rash, sleep disturbances, and fever.

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Drug Interactions with Folic Acid

Certain drugs like methotrexate can inhibit folic acid activation.

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Evaluation Indicators for Folic Acid Use

Key indicators include resolving megaloblastic anemia and preventing neural tube defects.

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Iron Deficiency Causes

Blood loss, poor diet, gastrointestinal issues lead to iron deficiency.

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Microcytic Anemia

Chronic iron deficiency resulting in small and pale red blood cells.

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Symptoms of Iron Deficiency

Fatigue, pallor, tachycardia, dyspnea, angina, reduced exercise tolerance.

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Iron Preparations

Available in ferrous salts (better absorbed) and ferric salts.

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Gastrointestinal Side Effects

Commonly include nausea, heartburn, bloating, constipation, diarrhea.

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Cyanocobalamin

Medication to treat Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia.

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Megaloblastic Anemia

Condition characterized by enlarged red blood cells due to B12 deficiency.

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Intrinsic Factor

Essential for B12 absorption, produced in the stomach.

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Study Notes

Anemia Overview

  • Anemia is a condition marked by reduced red blood cells, hemoglobin, or hematocrit.
  • It's not a specific disease but a clinical indicator of underlying issues.
  • Anemia can be categorized by cause or changes in erythrocyte size, shape, or substance.
  • Total RBC count is affected by changes in plasma volume (e.g., dehydration).

Understanding Anemia

  • RBCs (Erythrocytes): Primary function is oxygen transport.
  • Anemia: Reduction in total RBC count.
  • Hematocrit: Percentage of RBCs in total blood volume.
  • Hemoglobin: Oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs.
  • Hematopoiesis: RBC production.
  • Erythropoiesis: Development of RBCs.
  • Reticulocytes: Immature RBCs.
  • Leukocytes (WBCs): White blood cells.
  • Leukopenia: Low WBC count.
  • Thrombocytes (Platelets): Essential for blood clotting.
  • Thrombocytopenia: Low platelet count.

Common Causes of Anemia

  • Impaired erythrocyte production.
  • Blood loss (acute or chronic).
  • Increased erythrocyte destruction.
  • Combination of the above.

Classifying Anemia

  • Cytic: Refers to cell size.
  • Chromic: Refers to hemoglobin content.

Clinical Manifestations of Anemia

  • Hypoxia: Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
  • Hypoxemia: Reduced oxygen level in the blood.
  • Cardiovascular Effects: Increased heart rate and stroke volume, abnormal heart sounds (murmurs/gallops), orthostatic hypotension.
  • Respiratory Effects: Shortness of breath, increased respiratory rate, dyspnea.
  • Neurologic Effects: Fatigue, dizziness, rapid pounding heartbeat, delirium.
  • Tissue Hypoxia: Affects pulmonary & hematologic systems.

Anemia Clues

  • Age (elderly more susceptible).
  • Dietary intake (poor diet).
  • Intestinal disorders (nutrient absorption issues).
  • Blood loss (acute or chronic).
  • Bone marrow suppression (reduced RBC production).
  • Chronic diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease, cancer, liver disease, thyroid disease, inflammatory bowel disease).

Anemia Signs and Symptoms

  • Pale skin, particularly in areas like ears, nail beds, and palms.
  • Cool skin.
  • Brittle nails.
  • Rapid heartbeat after meals or physical exertion.
  • Elevated heart rate & stroke volume.
  • Symptoms become more severe with advancing anemia.

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