Overview of Anatomy and Body Systems

Study of the structure of the body and its parts.
Divided into two primary branches:
- Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy: Study of structures visible to the naked eye.
- Microscopic Anatomy: Study of structures requiring a microscope (histology and cytology).

Cells: Basic unit of life.
Tissues: Groups of similar cells performing a specific function.
- Four basic types:
  - Epithelial
  - Connective
  - Muscle
  - Nervous
Organs: Structures composed of two or more tissue types working together.
Systems: Groups of organs that perform related functions (e.g., circulatory system, respiratory system).
Organism: The complete living entity.

Skeletal System:
- Composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments.
- Functions: Support, movement, protection, blood cell production, mineral storage.
Muscular System:
- Includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
- Functions: Movement, posture, heat production.
Nervous System:
- Composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves.
- Functions: Control, communication, coordination of body activities.
Endocrine System:
- Glands producing hormones (e.g., thyroid, adrenal).
- Functions: Regulation of growth, metabolism, and homeostasis.
Cardiovascular System:
- Includes heart and blood vessels.
- Functions: Transport of nutrients, gases, hormones, waste.
Respiratory System:
- Composed of lungs, trachea, bronchi.
- Functions: Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
Digestive System:
- Includes mouth, stomach, intestines, liver.
- Functions: Food breakdown, nutrient absorption, waste elimination.
Urinary System:
- Composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder.
- Functions: Excretion of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure.
Reproductive System:
- Involves organs such as ovaries, testes, uterus.
- Functions: Production of gametes and hormones, reproduction.
Integumentary System:
- Consists of skin, hair, nails.
- Functions: Protection, temperature regulation, sensation.

Planes of the Body:
- Sagittal: Divides body into left and right.
- Coronal (Frontal): Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back).
- Transverse (Horizontal): Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower).
Directional Terms:
- Anterior: Front
- Posterior: Back
- Superior: Above
- Inferior: Below
- Medial: Toward the midline
- Lateral: Away from the midline
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment
- Distal: Further from the point of attachment

Organs:
- Heart: Pumps blood through the body.
- Lungs: Facilitate gas exchange.
- Brain: Central control of the nervous system.
Tissues:
- Epithelial Tissue: Covers surfaces, lines cavities.
- Connective Tissue: Supports, binds other tissues.
- Muscle Tissue: Responsible for movement.
- Nervous Tissue: Transmits nerve impulses.

Anatomy provides essential knowledge for understanding how the body functions.
It forms the foundation for fields such as medicine, biology, and health sciences.

The study of the structure of the body and its parts
Divided into two branches:
- Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy: Structures visible to the naked eye
- Microscopic Anatomy: Structures requiring a microscope (histology and cytology)

Cells: Basic unit of life
Tissues: Groups of similar cells performing a specific function
- Four basic types:
  - Epithelial
  - Connective
  - Muscle
  - Nervous
Organs: Structures composed of two or more tissue types working together
Systems: Groups of organs that perform related functions (e.g., circulatory system, respiratory system)
Organism: The complete living entity

Skeletal System:
- Composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments
- Functions: Support, movement, protection, blood cell production, mineral storage
Muscular System:
- Includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles
- Functions: Movement, posture, heat production
Nervous System:
- Composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves
- Functions: Control, communication, coordination of body activities
Endocrine System:
- Glands producing hormones (e.g., thyroid, adrenal)
- Functions: Regulation of growth, metabolism, and homeostasis
Cardiovascular System:
- Includes heart and blood vessels
- Functions: Transport of nutrients, gases, hormones, waste
Respiratory System:
- Composed of lungs, trachea, bronchi
- Functions: Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Digestive System:
- Includes mouth, stomach, intestines, liver
- Functions: Food breakdown, nutrient absorption, waste elimination
Urinary System:
- Composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder
- Functions: Excretion of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure
Reproductive System:
- Involves organs such as ovaries, testes, uterus
- Functions: Production of gametes and hormones, reproduction
Integumentary System:
- Consists of skin, hair, nails
- Functions: Protection, temperature regulation, sensation

Planes of the Body:
- Sagittal: Divides body into left and right
- Coronal (Frontal): Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
- Transverse (Horizontal): Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
Directional Terms:
- Anterior: Front
- Posterior: Back
- Superior: Above
- Inferior: Below
- Medial: Toward the midline
- Lateral: Away from the midline
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment
- Distal: Further from the point of attachment

Organs:
- Heart: Pumps blood through the body
- Lungs: Facilitate gas exchange
- Brain: Central control of the nervous system
Tissues:
- Epithelial Tissue: Covers surfaces, lines cavities
- Connective Tissue: Supports, binds other tissues
- Muscle Tissue: Responsible for movement
- Nervous Tissue: Transmits nerve impulses

Anatomy provides essential knowledge for understanding how the body functions
It forms the foundation for fields such as medicine, biology, and health sciences