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@RelaxedCherryTree

Questions and Answers

What are the types of oral medications checked in Ophthalmology?

  • BetaBlockers
  • Plaquenil
  • Flomax
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What are the two methods to check intraocular pressure (IOP)?

    Goldmann and Teno-pen

    What is presbyopia?

    Losing the ability to focus with the IOL due to aging

    What are the three vital signs in ophthalmology?

    <p>Vision, Pupil, IOP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of dry eye?

    <p>Red, watery eyes, tired eyes, blurriness after prolonged screen exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the swinging light test check for?

    <p>Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'OU' stand for in ophthalmology?

    <p>Both eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'OS' stand for in ophthalmology?

    <p>Left eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'OD' stand for in ophthalmology?

    <p>Right eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is applanation performed?

    <p>Using the Goldmann Applanation Tonometer or Tono-pen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method of retinal examination gives the most magnified view?

    <p>Direct ophthalmoscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between 'cell' and 'flare' in the context of ophthalmology?

    <p>Cells are individual cells in the anterior chamber; flare is protein in the anterior chamber from inflamed blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the eight structures described on a slit-lamp exam?

    <p>EXT, LL, CS, K, AC, I, L, V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of retinal detachment?

    <p>Flashes and floaters; potentially a 'curtain or veil' over vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are sulfa allergies important to ask about?

    <p>Some glaucoma drops are sulfa-based, which can cause allergic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four structures checked in a retinal exam?

    <p>Macula, Vessels, Periphery, Disk (optic nerve)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the eyeball?

    <p>About 24 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the extraocular muscles originate?

    <p>Mostly at the annulus of Zinn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chambers are in the eye and what are they called?

    <p>Three - anterior chamber, posterior chamber, vitreous chamber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle opens and closes the eyelid?

    <p>Orbicularis muscle closes the eye; Levator palpebrae muscle opens the eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tear pathway from production to drainage?

    <p>Lacrimal Gland &gt; over the eye &gt; through the punctum &gt; canaliculi &gt; lacrimal sac &gt; nasolacrimal duct &gt; then through the nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the seven bones that form the orbital walls?

    <p>Maxillary, Frontal, Zygomatic, Ethmoidal, Lacrimal, Sphenoid, Palatine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the layers of the lens?

    <p>Outer capsule, middle cortex, central nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the layers of the cornea?

    <p>Epithelium, Bowman's Layer, Stroma, Descemet's Membrane, Endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ciliary body?

    <p>Controls lens shape and produces aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the uvea?

    <p>Pigmented layer of the eye beneath the sclera and cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the trabecular meshwork be viewed directly?

    <p>Using a gonio lens or gonioscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal cornea thickness?

    <p>540 microns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome (PFX)?

    <p>A common condition where flaky protein material forms on eye structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Pigment Dispersion Glaucoma (PDS)?

    <p>A glaucoma type caused by pigment rubbing off the iris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Neovascular Glaucoma?

    <p>A form caused by neovascular blood vessels obstructing aqueous flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the risk factors for Angle-Closure Glaucoma?

    <p>Hyperopia, family history, medications that dilate pupils, age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the risk factors for Open-Angle Glaucoma?

    <p>High IOP, optic nerve cupping, thin cornea, family history, race</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Oral Medications in Ophthalmology

    • Common oral medications include Beta Blockers, Plaquenil, and Flomax.

    Methods to Check Intraocular Pressure (IOP)

    • Goldmann tonometry and Teno-pen are the standard methods for checking IOP.

    Presbyopia

    • A condition characterized by the gradual loss of the ability to focus on close objects, typically due to aging.

    Vital Signs in Ophthalmology

    • Three crucial vital signs to assess before dilation: Vision, Pupil response, and Intraocular Pressure (IOP).

    Symptoms of Dry Eye

    • Red and watery eyes; patients often report tiredness and blurriness after extensive screen exposure.

    Swinging Light Test

    • A diagnostic test for detecting relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD); dilation of one pupil when swinging light indicates possible APD.

    Abbreviations

    • OU: Both eyes
    • OS: Left eye
    • OD: Right eye

    Applanation Tonometer

    • Used to check IOP; uses devices like Goldmann Applanation Tonometer or Tono-pen.

    Retinal Examination Techniques

    • The direct ophthalmoscope provides the most magnified view; however, the 90 diopter hand-held lens at the slit lamp is preferred for examinations.

    Cell and Flare

    • Cells refer to individual floating cells in the anterior chamber, while flare is caused by proteins from inflamed blood vessels.

    Structures on Slit-Lamp Exam

    • Eight structures evaluated: External exam (EXT), Lids and Lacrimation (LL), Conjunctiva and Sclera (CS), Cornea (K), Anterior Chamber (AC), Iris (I), Lens (L), Vitreous (V).

    Retinal Detachment Symptoms

    • Patients may report flashes, floaters, or a sensation of a 'curtain' obscuring vision.

    Importance of Sulfa Allergies

    • Certain glaucoma medications and older antibiotics may contain sulfa; awareness of allergies is crucial to avoid adverse reactions.

    Key Structures in Retinal Exam

    • Four structures examined include the Macula, Vessels, Periphery, and Optic disk.

    Eyeball Length

    • The average length of the eyeball is approximately 24 mm.

    Origin of Extraocular Muscles

    • Primarily originate at the annulus of Zinn.

    Eye Chambers

    • The eye contains three chambers: Anterior Chamber, Posterior Chamber, and Vitreous Chamber.

    Eyelid Muscles

    • Orbicularis muscle closes the eyelid; Levator palpebrae muscle opens it.

    Tear Pathway

    • The pathway follows: Lacrimal Gland > over the eye > through the punctum > canaliculi > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct > into the nose.

    Orbital Wall Structure

    • Seven bones form the orbital walls: Maxillary, Frontal, Zygomatic, Ethmoidal, Lacrimal, Sphenoid, Palatine.

    Lens Layers

    • Composed of three layers: outer capsule, middle cortex, and central nucleus.

    Cornea Layers

    • Consists of five layers: Epithelium, Bowman's Layer, Stroma, Descemet's Membrane, and Endothelium.

    Ciliary Body Functions

    • Band of muscle located behind the iris; responsible for controlling lens shape and producing aqueous humor.

    Uvea

    • The pigmented layer beneath the sclera and cornea, made up of the iris, choroid, and ciliary body.

    Viewing Trabecular Meshwork

    • Direct observation can be achieved with a gonio lens or gonioscope.

    Normal Cornea Thickness

    • A typical thickness measurement is 540 microns.

    Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome (PFX)

    • A condition characterized by flaky protein material accumulation on the lens, iris, ciliary epithelium, corneal endothelium, or trabecular meshwork.

    Pigment Dispersion Glaucoma (PDS)

    • Occurs when pigment from the iris is dislodged and obstructs the trabecular meshwork, potentially increasing IOP.

    Neovascular Glaucoma

    • Characterized by neovascular blood vessels forming on the iris, obstructing the aqueous flow at the trabecular meshwork.

    Angle-Closure Glaucoma Risk Factors

    • Hyperopia, family history of glaucoma, medications that dilate pupils, and older age increase risk.

    Open-Angle Glaucoma Risk Factors

    • High IOP, optic nerve cupping, thin cornea, family history, and race are significant risk factors.

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