Untitled Quiz

Oral Medications in Ophthalmology

• Common oral medications include Beta Blockers, Plaquenil, and Flomax.

Methods to Check Intraocular Pressure (IOP)

• Goldmann tonometry and Teno-pen are the standard methods for checking IOP.

Presbyopia

• A condition characterized by the gradual loss of the ability to focus on close objects, typically due to aging.

Vital Signs in Ophthalmology

• Three crucial vital signs to assess before dilation: Vision, Pupil response, and Intraocular Pressure (IOP).

Symptoms of Dry Eye

• Red and watery eyes; patients often report tiredness and blurriness after extensive screen exposure.

Swinging Light Test

• A diagnostic test for detecting relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD); dilation of one pupil when swinging light indicates possible APD.

Abbreviations

• OU: Both eyes
• OS: Left eye
• OD: Right eye

Applanation Tonometer

• Used to check IOP; uses devices like Goldmann Applanation Tonometer or Tono-pen.

Retinal Examination Techniques

• The direct ophthalmoscope provides the most magnified view; however, the 90 diopter hand-held lens at the slit lamp is preferred for examinations.

Cell and Flare

• Cells refer to individual floating cells in the anterior chamber, while flare is caused by proteins from inflamed blood vessels.

Structures on Slit-Lamp Exam

• Eight structures evaluated: External exam (EXT), Lids and Lacrimation (LL), Conjunctiva and Sclera (CS), Cornea (K), Anterior Chamber (AC), Iris (I), Lens (L), Vitreous (V).

Retinal Detachment Symptoms

• Patients may report flashes, floaters, or a sensation of a 'curtain' obscuring vision.

Importance of Sulfa Allergies

• Certain glaucoma medications and older antibiotics may contain sulfa; awareness of allergies is crucial to avoid adverse reactions.

Key Structures in Retinal Exam

• Four structures examined include the Macula, Vessels, Periphery, and Optic disk.

Eyeball Length

• The average length of the eyeball is approximately 24 mm.

Origin of Extraocular Muscles

• Primarily originate at the annulus of Zinn.

Eye Chambers

• The eye contains three chambers: Anterior Chamber, Posterior Chamber, and Vitreous Chamber.

Eyelid Muscles

• Orbicularis muscle closes the eyelid; Levator palpebrae muscle opens it.

Tear Pathway

• The pathway follows: Lacrimal Gland > over the eye > through the punctum > canaliculi > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct > into the nose.

Orbital Wall Structure

• Seven bones form the orbital walls: Maxillary, Frontal, Zygomatic, Ethmoidal, Lacrimal, Sphenoid, Palatine.

Lens Layers

• Composed of three layers: outer capsule, middle cortex, and central nucleus.

Cornea Layers

• Consists of five layers: Epithelium, Bowman's Layer, Stroma, Descemet's Membrane, and Endothelium.

Ciliary Body Functions

• Band of muscle located behind the iris; responsible for controlling lens shape and producing aqueous humor.

Uvea

• The pigmented layer beneath the sclera and cornea, made up of the iris, choroid, and ciliary body.

Viewing Trabecular Meshwork

• Direct observation can be achieved with a gonio lens or gonioscope.

Normal Cornea Thickness

• A typical thickness measurement is 540 microns.

Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome (PFX)

• A condition characterized by flaky protein material accumulation on the lens, iris, ciliary epithelium, corneal endothelium, or trabecular meshwork.

Pigment Dispersion Glaucoma (PDS)

• Occurs when pigment from the iris is dislodged and obstructs the trabecular meshwork, potentially increasing IOP.

Neovascular Glaucoma

• Characterized by neovascular blood vessels forming on the iris, obstructing the aqueous flow at the trabecular meshwork.

Angle-Closure Glaucoma Risk Factors

• Hyperopia, family history of glaucoma, medications that dilate pupils, and older age increase risk.

Open-Angle Glaucoma Risk Factors

• High IOP, optic nerve cupping, thin cornea, family history, and race are significant risk factors.