Ottoman Empire Overview
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary reason for the Turkish ghazis' raids?

  • To gain wealth and territory (correct)
  • To establish trade routes
  • To spread knowledge of Islam
  • To protect their homeland from invaders

    • The Turkish Seljuk kingdom of Rum was destroyed by the Mongols.

    True (A)

    What was the title of the leader of a Turkish military society?

    emir

    The Turkish ghazis considered non-Muslims as ______.

    <p>infidels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the Turkish ghazis?

    <p>They were united by a strong central power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Ghazi = A warrior for Islam Emir = A chief commander Infidel = A person who does not believe in Islam Byzantine Empire = A declining empire in the 1300s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Turkish ghazis were united by a strong central power.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ottoman Empire eventually replaced the Byzantine Empire.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name given to the leaders who succeeded Osman?

    <p>Sultans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following individuals was a conqueror of Persia and Russia?

    <p>Timur the Lame (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ottoman Empire's initial ruler was named Mehmed II.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following empires with their corresponding periods:

    <p>Byzantine Empire = Flourished before the rise of the Ottoman Empire Seljuk Turks = A Turkish state that existed before the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire = Succeeded the Byzantine Empire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their notable achievements:

    <h1>Osmán = Established the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II = Conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul Timur the Lame = Conquered Persia and Russia</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical figure is credited with establishing the Ottoman Empire?

    <p>Osmán</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Timur the Lame was a ruler of the Ottoman Empire.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which city became Mehmed II's capital after being conquered by the Ottomans?

    <p>Istanbul (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following words with their meanings as used in the text:

    <p>costliness = The expense or high price of something. plundering = The act of stealing goods, especially during a war or riot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The destruction of Constantinople had no significant impact on trade and prestige within the Ottoman Empire.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these terms describes a warrior for Islam?

    <p>Ghazi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ottoman Empire was founded by a leader named Osman.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the term 'ghazi'?

    <p>A warrior for Islam.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ottoman Empire's founder was known as ______ to Western Europeans.

    <p>Othman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between 'rebellious' and 'belligerent'?

    <p>They are synonyms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ghazis only fought against non-Muslims.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which notable empire did the Ottoman Empire succeed in the region?

    <p>Byzantine Empire (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Naples

    A major city in Italy, known for its rich history and culture.

    Sea (Istanbul)

    Refers to water bodies near Istanbul, likely the Marmara Sea.

    40° N

    A latitude line that runs across various countries including Italy and Greece.

    Spain

    A country in Southwestern Europe known for its diverse culture and history.

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    Greece

    A Southeastern European country famous for its ancient history and islands.

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    Decline of Byzantine Empire

    The gradual weakening of the Byzantine Empire by 1300.

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    Nomadic Turks

    People of Anatolia descended from nomadic Turkish tribes with militaristic traditions.

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    Ghazis

    Warriors for Islam, often raiding territories of non-believers.

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    Emir

    A chief commander leading military societies among the Turks.

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    Infidels

    Those who do not believe in Islam, often targeted in raids.

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    Military Societies

    Groups formed by ghazis under emir, following Islamic conduct.

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    Ottoman Empire

    An immense empire that emerged from the Turkish states and stretched across three continents.

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    Advanced Technology

    Use of muskets and cannons helped the Ottomans in their conquests.

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    Osman

    The most successful ghazi, founder of the Ottoman Empire.

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    Ottomans

    Followers of Osman, named by Western Europeans.

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    Raiding

    Conducting incursions into territories for plunder or conquest.

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    Byzantium

    The empire the Turks invaded, later known as the Ottoman Empire.

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    Belligerent

    Engaged in war or conflict; hostile.

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    Turks

    People who moved into Byzantium and formed the Ottoman Empire.

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    Islam

    The religion that motivated the ghazis' conquests.

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    Dirigentes

    Leaders or rulers in a political context.

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    Imperio Bizantino

    The Byzantine Empire, a continuation of the Roman Empire in the East.

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    Sultanes

    Title for rulers in the Ottoman Empire; means 'those with power'.

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    Estado turco de los Seljuk

    A medieval Turkish state that preceded the Ottoman Empire.

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    Anatolia

    Region in modern-day Turkey, historically inhabited by various groups.

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    Turcos nómadas

    Nomadic Turks who migrated and settled in Anatolia.

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    Reino mediante compras de tierras

    A kingdom established through land purchases.

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    Timur the Lame

    A conqueror known for his military tactics who ruled parts of Persia and Russia.

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    Mehmed II

    Also known as Mehmed the Conqueror, he captured Istanbul and expanded the Ottoman Empire.

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    Istanbul

    The capital of the Ottoman Empire, formerly known as Constantinople.

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    Muslim States

    Political entities ruled by Islamic law and leaders, varying in size and authority.

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    Conquest

    The act of gaining control over a territory through military force.

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    Kritovoulos

    An author who discussed the grandeur of a city and its destruction.

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    Destruction of the city

    The significant ruin and plundering of a once grand city, causing loss of wealth and beauty.

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    Sultan's sadness

    The sultan wept over the destruction, feeling compassion for the lost wealth and beauty.

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    City’s public buildings

    These structures contributed to the city's grandeur and were a source of trade and prestige.

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    Plundering

    The act of stealing goods and valuables during the destruction of the city.

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    Population size post-destruction

    The city's population was quite small compared to its former glory after the destruction.

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    Wealth and beauty

    Key aspects lost during the city's destruction, affecting trade and prestige.

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    Comparing and contrasting

    Analyzing details to find agreements or disagreements between two sources on the city.

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    Study Notes

    Ottoman Empire

    • The Ottomans built a large Muslim empire that lasted over 600 years, encompassing many cultures.
    • The empire originated from Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), among nomadic Turkish peoples in the 14th century.
    • The Byzantine Empire was declining, and the Mongols had destroyed the Turkish Seljuk kingdom, creating a fragmented landscape.
    • Strong leadership (Osman) united Turkish groups and formed a strong military state.
    • The Ottomans conquered land, formed alliances, and bought territory to expand their state between 1300 and 1326.
    • Gunpowder use (cannons and muskets) was key to military success.
    • Orkhan I, Osman's son, declared himself sultan, a powerful ruler.
    • Adrianople (second most significant Byzantine city) was captured in 1361, marking the rapid rise of the empire.
    • Kindly treatment of conquered people fostered loyalty and stability. Non-Muslims paid taxes instead of serving in the military.
    • Timur the Lame (Tamerlane) halted the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the early 1400s.
    • Power struggles among Osman's successors followed his demise. Mehmed I took the throne, followed by Murad II and Mehmed II.
    • Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, a major victory. This controlled the Bosporus Strait and was a significant achievement.
    • The Ottomans also captured Mecca and Medina, important holy cities in Islam, under Selim the Grim (Mehmed's grandson) in 1514 further solidifying their religious influence.

    Suleyman I (Suleyman the Magnificent)

    • Ruled for 46 years (1520-1566), marking a high point in Ottoman history.
    • A highly effective military leader, conquering Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes in the Mediterranean, thereby dominating the eastern Mediterranean.
    • Expanded into central Europe, reaching the outskirts of Vienna.
    • The Ottoman Empire expanded to control coastal North Africa and large parts of the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
    • Known as Suleyman the Lawgiver due to his substantial legal reforms, which included a simplified tax system and reduced bureaucracy. Created a law code for both criminal and civil actions.
    • Devşirme system was used to staff the bureaucracy and military with trained Christian children. These trained people became janissaries-an elite Turkish army corps.
    • Religious tolerance was practiced towards Christians and Jews. Separate religious communities (millets) were allowed to follow their own religious laws, keeping potential conflicts to a minimum.
    • Significant cultural achievements flourished during Suleyman's reign. The arts (architecture) including renowned architect Sinan (Mosque of Selim and Mosque of Suleyman) thrived.

    Ottoman Decline

    • Succession disputes and the rise of weaker sultans are key factors in the empire's decline after Suleyman. Keeping sons imprisoned in the harem limited their development and often resulted in a weaker leader taking the throne.
    • The empire continued to influence the world into the early 20th Century.

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