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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is one consequence of prolonged otitis media in children?
What is one consequence of prolonged otitis media in children?
- Increased communication skills
- Permanent conductive hearing loss (correct)
- Enhanced social development
- Improved auditory function
Which drug is commonly associated with ototoxicity and may lead to hearing impairment?
Which drug is commonly associated with ototoxicity and may lead to hearing impairment?
- Furosemide (correct)
- Acetaminophen
- Amoxicillin
- Ibuprofen
What is a notable early sign of ototoxicity caused by certain medications?
What is a notable early sign of ototoxicity caused by certain medications?
- Tinnitus (correct)
- Increased sensitivity to sound
- Hearing aids malfunctioning
- Loss of balance
Which condition is referred to as presbycusis?
Which condition is referred to as presbycusis?
What factor can block sound waves from reaching the tympanic membrane?
What factor can block sound waves from reaching the tympanic membrane?
What is the initial effect of the vibration of the tympanic membrane?
What is the initial effect of the vibration of the tympanic membrane?
How do nerve impulses from the ear ultimately reach the brain?
How do nerve impulses from the ear ultimately reach the brain?
What is the primary function of the crista ampullaris?
What is the primary function of the crista ampullaris?
What typically causes sensorineural hearing loss?
What typically causes sensorineural hearing loss?
What does the tympanic membrane separate?
What does the tympanic membrane separate?
In which part of the ear is the macula located?
In which part of the ear is the macula located?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the ossicles?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the ossicles?
Which disorder is characterized by a sense of rotation of self or the environment?
Which disorder is characterized by a sense of rotation of self or the environment?
What role does the eustachian tube play in ear function?
What role does the eustachian tube play in ear function?
What is the main distinction between conduction deafness and sensorineural deafness?
What is the main distinction between conduction deafness and sensorineural deafness?
Which fluid is found inside the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?
Which fluid is found inside the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?
Which fluid movement within the cochlea is stimulated by the stapes against the oval window?
Which fluid movement within the cochlea is stimulated by the stapes against the oval window?
What is the primary function of the organ of Corti?
What is the primary function of the organ of Corti?
What distinguishes otitis media from otitis externa?
What distinguishes otitis media from otitis externa?
The semicircular canals are primarily involved in which aspect of ear function?
The semicircular canals are primarily involved in which aspect of ear function?
What clinical test is employed to differentiate between types of hearing loss?
What clinical test is employed to differentiate between types of hearing loss?
Which bone is NOT directly associated with the ear structure?
Which bone is NOT directly associated with the ear structure?
What type of membrane connects the middle ear to the inner ear?
What type of membrane connects the middle ear to the inner ear?
Which structure in the middle ear helps to equalize pressure during atmospheric changes?
Which structure in the middle ear helps to equalize pressure during atmospheric changes?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the inner ear?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the inner ear?
What is the primary cause of detached retina?
What is the primary cause of detached retina?
Which statement about age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is true?
Which statement about age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is true?
What distinguishes wet AMD from dry AMD?
What distinguishes wet AMD from dry AMD?
Which symptom is commonly associated with a detached retina?
Which symptom is commonly associated with a detached retina?
What is the role of photodynamic therapy in treatment for AMD?
What is the role of photodynamic therapy in treatment for AMD?
What can increase the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration?
What can increase the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration?
What does not typically happen in both types of AMD?
What does not typically happen in both types of AMD?
Which intervention is necessary for a detached retina?
Which intervention is necessary for a detached retina?
How do central vision symptoms differ between the two types of AMD?
How do central vision symptoms differ between the two types of AMD?
Which structural defect is characterized by difficulty seeing objects both at a distance and up close due to the shape of the eyeball?
Which structural defect is characterized by difficulty seeing objects both at a distance and up close due to the shape of the eyeball?
What condition can result from untreated otitis media and lead to permanent hearing loss?
What condition can result from untreated otitis media and lead to permanent hearing loss?
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of elevated intraocular pressure?
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of elevated intraocular pressure?
What is the primary distinguishing feature of acute glaucoma compared to chronic glaucoma?
What is the primary distinguishing feature of acute glaucoma compared to chronic glaucoma?
Which type of hearing loss is primarily caused by damage to the inner ear structures or auditory nerve?
Which type of hearing loss is primarily caused by damage to the inner ear structures or auditory nerve?
Which condition is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the inner ear, affecting balance and hearing?
Which condition is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the inner ear, affecting balance and hearing?
Which type of structural defect in vision is often associated with experiencing blurred vision at all distances?
Which type of structural defect in vision is often associated with experiencing blurred vision at all distances?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Orbit
Orbit
The bony socket that protects the eye and houses the extraocular muscles.
Extraocular Muscles
Extraocular Muscles
Six muscles that control eye movement, enabling it to look up, down, side to side, and rotate.
Sclera
Sclera
The tough, white outer layer of the eye that provides structural support.
Conjunctiva
Conjunctiva
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What are the functions of the extraocular muscles?
What are the functions of the extraocular muscles?
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How does the Sclera protect the eye?
How does the Sclera protect the eye?
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What role does the conjunctiva play in eye health?
What role does the conjunctiva play in eye health?
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Detached Retina
Detached Retina
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Causes of Detached Retina
Causes of Detached Retina
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Symptoms of Detached Retina
Symptoms of Detached Retina
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Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Macular Degeneration (AMD)
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Types of AMD
Types of AMD
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AMD: Dry Type
AMD: Dry Type
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AMD: Wet Type
AMD: Wet Type
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AMD Treatment
AMD Treatment
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Visual Field Test (AMD)
Visual Field Test (AMD)
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Otitis Media
Otitis Media
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Eustachian Tube Obstruction
Eustachian Tube Obstruction
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Tympanic Membrane Rupture
Tympanic Membrane Rupture
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Scar Tissue and Adhesions in Otitis Media
Scar Tissue and Adhesions in Otitis Media
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Enlarged Adenoids
Enlarged Adenoids
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Ear Sections
Ear Sections
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External Ear
External Ear
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Tympanic Membrane
Tympanic Membrane
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Middle Ear
Middle Ear
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Ossicles
Ossicles
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Stapes
Stapes
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Eustachian Tube
Eustachian Tube
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Inner Ear
Inner Ear
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Cochlea
Cochlea
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Semicircular Canals
Semicircular Canals
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Tympanic Membrane Vibration
Tympanic Membrane Vibration
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Stapes and Oval Window
Stapes and Oval Window
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Perilymph and Endolymph
Perilymph and Endolymph
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Organ of Corti
Organ of Corti
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Auditory Nerve
Auditory Nerve
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Temporal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
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Crista Ampullaris and Macula
Crista Ampullaris and Macula
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Vestibular Nerve
Vestibular Nerve
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Vertigo
Vertigo
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Pathophysiology (2) (MBS 253M) Lecture 9: Disorders of the Eye and Ear
- Course: Pathophysiology (2) (MBS 253M)
- Lecture: 9
- Textbook: Pathophysiology for the Health Professions, 4th edition, 2011
- Chapter: 24 (pages 529-544)
Lecture Outline: Disorders of the Eye and Ear
-
The Eye
- Review of Normal Structure and Function
- Diagnostic Tests
- Structural Defects
- Myopia
- Hyperopia
- Presbyopia
- Astigmatism
- Amblyopia
- Nystagmus
- Infections and Trauma
- Stye
- Conjunctivitis
- Trachoma
- Keratitis
- Glaucoma
- Acute
- Chronic (open-angle)
- Cataracts
- Detached Retina
- Macular Degeneration
-
The Ear
- Review of Normal Structure and Function
- Parts of the Ear
- Pathway for Sound
- The Semicircular Canals
- Hearing Loss
- Conduction deafness
- Sensorineural deafness
- Ear Infections
- Otitis Media
- Otitis Externa
- Chronic Disorders of the Ear
- Otosclerosis
- Ménière's Syndrome
Learning Objectives
- Describe common structural defects impairing vision.
- Describe common eye infections and their effects on vision.
- Explain how intraocular pressure becomes elevated and its effect on vision.
- Compare signs of chronic glaucoma, acute glaucoma, cataract, macular degeneration, and detached retina, including the rationale for each.
- Describe how the retina may detach and its effects on vision.
- Describe types of hearing loss with examples.
- Describe otitis media, its cause, pathophysiology, and signs.
- Describe pathophysiology and signs of otosclerosis and Ménière’s syndrome.
- Explain how permanent hearing loss results from acute otitis media, chronic otitis media, Ménière's syndrome, and auditory damage.
Review of Normal Structure and Function (Eye)
- Protection for the Eye
- The Eyeball
- Fluids in the Eye
- The Visual Pathway
- Optic Nerve
- Retina
- Macula
- Lens
- Iris
- Pupil
- Cornea
- Conjunctiva
- Vitreous Body
- Ciliary Body and Ciliary Muscle (Accommodation)
Review of Normal Structure and Function (Ear)
- Pinna
- External Auditory Canal
- Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
- Oval Window
- Cochlea
- Semicircular Canals
- Auditory (Eustachian) Tube
- Vestibule
- Hair Cells (Organ of Corti)
- Auditory Nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII)
- Temporal Lobe of Brain
Diagnostic Tests (Eye)
- Snellen Chart (visual acuity)
- Visual Field Tests
- Tonometry (intraocular pressure)
- Ophthalmoscope (interior structures)
- Gonioscopy (anterior chamber angle)
- Muscle Function and Coordination Tests
Diagnostic Tests (Ear)
- Tests to differentiate between conduction or sensorineural hearing loss
- Balance Test
- Electronystagmography (ENG)
- Electrocholeography (ECOG)
- MRI
Infections and Trauma (Eye)
- Styes (hordeolum): infection of a hair follicle.
- Conjunctivitis (pink eye): superficial inflammation, often caused by bacteria or viruses.
- Trachoma: chronic eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.
- Keratitis: inflammation of the cornea, potentially from infection, trauma or chemicals.
Infections and Trauma (Ear)
- Otitis media: inflammation of the middle ear due to infection.
- Otitis externa: inflammation of the external ear canal (often from infection).
Chronic Disorders of the Ear
- Otosclerosis: a bone growth disorder, particularly affecting the stapes bone in the middle ear.
- Ménière's Syndrome: inner ear disorder characterized by episodic vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and nausea/vomiting, associated with fluid buildup in the inner ear.
Other Important Eye Concepts
- Accommodation (eye adjusting to focus on near or far objects)
- Refraction (bending of light by the eye's lens and cornea)
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