Eye and ear disorders

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Questions and Answers

What is one consequence of prolonged otitis media in children?

Increased communication skills

Permanent conductive hearing loss (correct)

Enhanced social development

Improved auditory function

Which drug is commonly associated with ototoxicity and may lead to hearing impairment?

Furosemide (correct)

Acetaminophen

Amoxicillin

Ibuprofen

What is a notable early sign of ototoxicity caused by certain medications?

Tinnitus (correct)

Increased sensitivity to sound

Hearing aids malfunctioning

Loss of balance

Which condition is referred to as presbycusis?

Hearing loss related to aging Signup and view all the answers

What factor can block sound waves from reaching the tympanic membrane?

Accumulation of wax Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial effect of the vibration of the tympanic membrane?

It vibrates the malleus. Signup and view all the answers

How do nerve impulses from the ear ultimately reach the brain?

They travel through the cochlear branch of the auditory nerve. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the crista ampullaris?

Detecting rotational movement. Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes sensorineural hearing loss?

Damage to the organ of Corti or auditory nerve. Signup and view all the answers

What does the tympanic membrane separate?

The external ear and the middle ear Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the ear is the macula located?

Vestibule. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the ossicles?

Cochlea Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by a sense of rotation of self or the environment?

Vertigo. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the eustachian tube play in ear function?

It equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the nasopharynx Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between conduction deafness and sensorineural deafness?

One affects the auditory nerve, while the other does not. Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid is found inside the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?

Endolymph Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid movement within the cochlea is stimulated by the stapes against the oval window?

Both perilymph and endolymph. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the organ of Corti?

To transmit sound waves to the auditory nerve Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes otitis media from otitis externa?

Otitis media affects the tympanic membrane, while otitis externa does not. Signup and view all the answers

The semicircular canals are primarily involved in which aspect of ear function?

Balance Signup and view all the answers

What clinical test is employed to differentiate between types of hearing loss?

Rinne test comparing air and bone conduction. Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is NOT directly associated with the ear structure?

Frontal bone Signup and view all the answers

What type of membrane connects the middle ear to the inner ear?

Oval window Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the middle ear helps to equalize pressure during atmospheric changes?

Auditory or eustachian tube Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the inner ear?

It consists of the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibule separated by fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of detached retina?

Tension on the retina from scar tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is true?

Blurred central vision is a common early symptom of AMD. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes wet AMD from dry AMD?

It involves the formation of abnormal blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with a detached retina?

Seeing a 'dark curtain' across the visual field Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of photodynamic therapy in treatment for AMD?

It seals off new blood vessels formed in wet AMD. Signup and view all the answers

What can increase the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration?

Genetic predisposition coupled with environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What does not typically happen in both types of AMD?

Loss of peripheral vision Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is necessary for a detached retina?

Surgical intervention such as laser therapy Signup and view all the answers

How do central vision symptoms differ between the two types of AMD?

Dry AMD does not affect central vision until the later stages. Signup and view all the answers

Which structural defect is characterized by difficulty seeing objects both at a distance and up close due to the shape of the eyeball?

Hyperopia Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from untreated otitis media and lead to permanent hearing loss?

Chronic otitis media Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of elevated intraocular pressure?

Macular degeneration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinguishing feature of acute glaucoma compared to chronic glaucoma?

Sudden onset of symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hearing loss is primarily caused by damage to the inner ear structures or auditory nerve?

Sensorineural hearing loss Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the inner ear, affecting balance and hearing?

Ménière’s syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which type of structural defect in vision is often associated with experiencing blurred vision at all distances?

Astigmatism Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pathophysiology (2) (MBS 253M) Lecture 9: Disorders of the Eye and Ear

Course: Pathophysiology (2) (MBS 253M)
Lecture: 9
Textbook: Pathophysiology for the Health Professions, 4th edition, 2011
Chapter: 24 (pages 529-544)

Lecture Outline: Disorders of the Eye and Ear

The Eye
- Review of Normal Structure and Function
- Diagnostic Tests
- Structural Defects
  - Myopia
  - Hyperopia
  - Presbyopia
  - Astigmatism
  - Amblyopia
  - Nystagmus
- Infections and Trauma
  - Stye
  - Conjunctivitis
  - Trachoma
  - Keratitis
- Glaucoma
  - Acute
  - Chronic (open-angle)
- Cataracts
- Detached Retina
- Macular Degeneration
The Ear
- Review of Normal Structure and Function
- Parts of the Ear
- Pathway for Sound
- The Semicircular Canals
- Hearing Loss
  - Conduction deafness
  - Sensorineural deafness
- Ear Infections
  - Otitis Media
  - Otitis Externa
- Chronic Disorders of the Ear
  - Otosclerosis
  - Ménière's Syndrome

Learning Objectives

Describe common structural defects impairing vision.
Describe common eye infections and their effects on vision.
Explain how intraocular pressure becomes elevated and its effect on vision.
Compare signs of chronic glaucoma, acute glaucoma, cataract, macular degeneration, and detached retina, including the rationale for each.
Describe how the retina may detach and its effects on vision.
Describe types of hearing loss with examples.
Describe otitis media, its cause, pathophysiology, and signs.
Describe pathophysiology and signs of otosclerosis and Ménière’s syndrome.
Explain how permanent hearing loss results from acute otitis media, chronic otitis media, Ménière's syndrome, and auditory damage.

Review of Normal Structure and Function (Eye)

Protection for the Eye
The Eyeball
Fluids in the Eye
The Visual Pathway
Optic Nerve
Retina
Macula
Lens
Iris
Pupil
Cornea
Conjunctiva
Vitreous Body
Ciliary Body and Ciliary Muscle (Accommodation)

Review of Normal Structure and Function (Ear)

Pinna
External Auditory Canal
Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Oval Window
Cochlea
Semicircular Canals
Auditory (Eustachian) Tube
Vestibule
Hair Cells (Organ of Corti)
Auditory Nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII)
Temporal Lobe of Brain

Diagnostic Tests (Eye)

Snellen Chart (visual acuity)
Visual Field Tests
Tonometry (intraocular pressure)
Ophthalmoscope (interior structures)
Gonioscopy (anterior chamber angle)
Muscle Function and Coordination Tests

Diagnostic Tests (Ear)

Tests to differentiate between conduction or sensorineural hearing loss
Balance Test
Electronystagmography (ENG)
Electrocholeography (ECOG)
MRI

Infections and Trauma (Eye)

Styes (hordeolum): infection of a hair follicle.
Conjunctivitis (pink eye): superficial inflammation, often caused by bacteria or viruses.
Trachoma: chronic eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.
Keratitis: inflammation of the cornea, potentially from infection, trauma or chemicals.

Infections and Trauma (Ear)

Otitis media: inflammation of the middle ear due to infection.
Otitis externa: inflammation of the external ear canal (often from infection).

Chronic Disorders of the Ear

Otosclerosis: a bone growth disorder, particularly affecting the stapes bone in the middle ear.
Ménière's Syndrome: inner ear disorder characterized by episodic vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and nausea/vomiting, associated with fluid buildup in the inner ear.

Other Important Eye Concepts

Accommodation (eye adjusting to focus on near or far objects)
Refraction (bending of light by the eye's lens and cornea)

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Description

Test your knowledge about the consequences of otitis media and the effects of ototoxic drugs on hearing. This quiz explores the signs of hearing impairment and other conditions such as presbycusis. Challenge yourself to learn more about auditory health.