87 Questions
Which tuning fork is most commonly used in physical exams?
512
What does the Weber test determine?
TF midline
What is the most common cause of tinnitus?
Hearing loss
What percentage of individuals older than 65 experience presbycusis?
40%
What is the recommended treatment for sudden hearing loss?
Steroids
What are the concerning symptoms of tinnitus?
Pulsatile and unilateral
What is the most commonly associated condition with high frequency hearing loss?
Dementia
What is the primary treatment for tinnitus?
Counseling
Which of the following is the most common cause of progressive conductive hearing loss in adults?
Otosclerosis
What is the female to male ratio for otosclerosis?
2:1
Which of the following symptoms is associated with otosclerosis?
All of the above
What is the annual incidence of otitis externa?
0.4%
What is the peak age for otitis externa?
7-12 years old
What is the most common cause of otitis externa?
Bacterial infection
What is the treatment for otitis externa?
All of the above
What is the most common benign tumor that arises from the vestibular division of CN VIII?
Acoustic Neuroma
What are the common symptoms of acoustic neuromas?
All of the above
Which of the following is a symptom of Meniere's disease?
Hearing loss (conductive)
What is the most common age range for the onset of Meniere's disease?
40-60 years old
What is the primary treatment for Meniere's disease?
Low salt diet
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Meniere's disease?
Unilateral serous otitis
What is the most common cause of vertigo lasting less than 2 minutes?
BPPV
Which diagnostic maneuver is used to confirm the presence of BPPV?
Dix-Hallpike
What is the approximate chance of resolution for BPPV with treatment?
80%
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of BPPV?
Fluctuating hearing loss
What is the most common cause of vertigo lasting hours to days?
Labyrinthitis
What is the recommended treatment for labyrinthitis?
Vertigo medication
Which of the following is the most common cause of progressive conductive hearing loss in adults?
Otosclerosis
What is the most common cause of otitis externa?
Bacterial infection
What is the approximate annual incidence of otitis externa?
0.4%
Which of the following is a symptom of cholesteatoma?
Otorrhea
What is the most common age range for the onset of otosclerosis?
20-40 years
Which of the following is the most common symptom of otitis media in neonates?
Irritability
Which cranial nerve weakness is associated with malignant otitis externa?
CN VII
What is the most common symptom of acoustic neuromas?
Hearing loss
What is the most common cause of spontaneous CSF leaks?
Unknown
How do spontaneous CSF leaks occur?
Through a tear in the dura
Which of the following is the most common cause of high frequency hearing loss?
Presbycusis
What is the approximate chance of resolution for sudden hearing loss with intervention?
65%
What is the most common cause of tinnitus?
Hearing loss
What is the most common cause of otosclerosis?
Genetic factors
What is the most common cause of sudden hearing loss?
Viral infection
What is the recommended treatment for tinnitus?
Counseling
What is the most common cause of sudden hearing loss in individuals aged 45-60?
Viral infection
What is the approximate chance of resolution for BPPV with treatment?
75%
What percentage of individuals older than 65 experience presbycusis?
40%
What is the most common cause of otitis externa?
Bacterial infection
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Meniere's disease?
Fluctuating hearing loss
Which of the following is NOT a cause of vertigo lasting less than 2 minutes?
Labyrinthitis
What is the most common age range for the onset of Meniere's disease?
40-60 years old
What is the primary treatment for Meniere's disease?
Low salt diet
What percentage of individuals recover spontaneously from sudden hearing loss?
25%
What is the most common cause of vertigo lasting hours to days?
Labyrinthitis
Which of the following symptoms is associated with otosclerosis?
Fluctuating hearing loss
What is the peak age for otitis externa?
20-30 years old
What is the approximate chance of resolution for BPPV with treatment?
80%
Which tuning fork is most commonly used in physical exams?
512 Hz
Which of the following is a characteristic of laryngeal squamous papillomas?
They rarely become cancerous
Which of the following is a risk factor for laryngeal neoplasms?
Excessive alcohol consumption
What is the most common cause of otitis media in infants and children?
Viral infection
What is the most common cause of otitis externa?
Excessive moisture
Which virus is the most common cause of herpes infection in and around the oral cavity?
HSV-1
Which virus causes infectious mononucleosis?
Epstein-Barr virus
Which virus causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease?
Enterovirus
Which fungal infection is characterized by a superficial, curd-like, gray to white inflammatory membrane in the oral cavity?
Candida albicans infection
Which of the following is a common cause of acute viral rhinitis?
Adenoviruses
What is the characteristic feature of allergic rhinitis?
Mucosal edema
What is a possible consequence of chronic sinusitis?
Impaired sinus drainage
Which of the following is a common cause of pharyngitis?
Group A streptococci
Which of the following is a risk factor for deep tissue fungal infections in the oral cavity?
Immunosuppression
Which of the following is a characteristic of leukoplakia?
It is caused by hyperplasia of the squamous epithelium
Which of the following is the most common form of head and neck cancers?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What is the 5-year survival rate for early-stage oral cancer?
80%
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of otosclerosis?
Familial inheritance pattern
Which of the following is a characteristic of tumors in the ear canal?
Occur in middle-aged to elderly women
Which of the following is a characteristic of brachial cleft cysts?
Appear in children and adolescents
Which of the following is a characteristic of Sjögren syndrome?
Systemic production of diagnostic autoantibodies
Which of the following conditions can cause axial proptosis (directly forward) of the eye?
Graves disease
What is the primary cause of proptosis (exophthalmos) in cases of lacrimal gland enlargement?
Expansion of the bony orbit
Which of the following conditions can cause inferior-medial positional proptosis?
Lacrimal gland enlargement
What is the most common route for infection to spread to the orbit?
Via the sinuses
Which of the following conditions is associated with fungal infection of the orbit?
Immunosuppression
What is the potential complication of proptosis (exophthalmos) due to incomplete protection by the lid and tear film distribution across the cornea?
Corneal ulceration
Which of the following is the most common cause of tooth loss?
Dental caries caused by acids produced from the metabolism of sugars by plaque bacteria
What is the term for inflammation of the tongue?
Glossitis
Which of the following is a common nodular oral mass that requires surgical excision?
Fibrous proliferative disorders like irritation fibroma and pyogenic granuloma
Which of the following is a characteristic of aphthous ulcers?
They are recurrent
Study Notes
Pathophysiology of the Head and Neck: Oral Cavity and Inflammatory Lesions
- Enamel is the hardest tissue in the body, dentin contains cells that can produce new dentin
- Dental caries, caused by acids produced from the metabolism of sugars by plaque bacteria, is the most common cause of tooth loss
- Gingivitis is inflammation of the gingiva caused by the accumulation of dental plaque, which can lead to periodontitis
- Periodontitis is inflammation of the supporting structures of the teeth, resulting in loss of attachment and associated complications
- Fibrous proliferative disorders like irritation fibroma and pyogenic granuloma are common nodular oral masses that require surgical excision
- Aphthous ulcers, also known as canker sores, are shallow ulcerations on the oral mucosa that can be painful and recurrent
- Glossitis is inflammation of the tongue, which can be caused by trauma, infection, or vitamin deficiencies
- The oral mucosa is highly resistant to infection by normal bacterial flora due to various defenses
- Most bacterial infections in the oral cavity are related to immunodeficiency or other underlying conditions
- Oral manifestations of systemic diseases, such as HIV/AIDS and diabetes, can occur and may be associated with increased risk for developing chronic diseases
- Tumors and precancerous lesions can also occur in the oral cavity, requiring further evaluation and treatment
- Overall, understanding the pathophysiology of the head and neck, specifically the oral cavity, is crucial for diagnosing and managing various conditions and diseases.
Test your knowledge of otologic pathology with this quiz! Explore topics such as background anatomy, hearing loss, infectious diseases, skull base pathology, vertigo, and more. Learn about the anatomy and physiology of the ear, different types of hearing loss, and the physical examination techniques used in otology. Challenge yourself and expand your understanding of this fascinating field!
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