Otitis Media and Middle Ear Effusion

<p>Predominantly hearing loss or aural fullness, without significant pain or fever. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenoid hypertrophy can mechanically interfere with proper Eustachian tube function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large group day care settings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An inverse relationship, where increased duration decreases the incidence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased pressure equalizing tube (PET) functionality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenoidectomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eustachian tube dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce sterile secretions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transudate from the mucosa due to negative pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a sessile and stagnant medium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eustachian tube dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Streptococcus pneumoniae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pneumatic otoscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eschrichia coli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opaque yellow or blue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tinnitus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delayed language development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hearing loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Horizontal orientation of the malleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesteatoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observable air-fluid levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Middle ear effusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Watchful waiting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>OME usually has a retracted or neutral TM position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are generally not useful unless another process is suspected. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate TM mobility and pressure changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observation is a valid option. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encouraging feeding while supine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased rate of normal tympanograms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hearing loss of 40 dB or more. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The procedure has poor long-term outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can improve outcomes in persistent cases of OME. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The child’s age at the time of diagnosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intranasal corticosteroids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infections of the middle ear with fluid build-up, but no pus. This often causes hearing loss or fullness in the ear, but typically not pain or fever.

OME is most common in children between 6 months and 3 years old. It becomes less frequent after age 6.

OME is more common in kids with smaller, more horizontal Eustachian tubes, as it makes draining fluid harder. This is why they are more prone to ear infections.

Babies who are breastfed seem to have lower chances of getting OME. This is likely because breastfeeding strengthens their immune system.

African, Hispanic, and other racial groups are less likely to have recurrent OME compared to White children. This could be due to less access to healthcare, potentially leading to under-diagnosis.

The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the back of the throat, allowing air pressure to equalize and drainage of fluids. When it doesn't function properly, it can lead to OME.

Children in daycare have a higher risk of developing ear infections (AOM) due to increased exposure to germs and a wider range of bacteria.

Breastfeeding has been shown to reduce the frequency of ear infections and other illnesses in infants, possibly due to protective factors in breast milk.

Exposure to cigarette smoke can change the respiratory system, increasing the risk of ear infections and persistent fluid buildup in the middle ear (OME).

Conditions like cleft palate, Down's syndrome, and immune deficiencies can increase the risk of ear infections. These conditions affect the structure or function of the ear and the body's ability to fight infections.

Chronic nasal congestion caused by enlarged adenoids can obstruct the Eustachian tube, making it harder to drain fluids from the middle ear and increasing the risk of ear infections.

OME can be caused by several factors, including dysfunctional Eustachian tube, allergies, and respiratory infections. The fluid buildup in the middle ear can create a breeding ground for bacteria.

The eustachian tube, connecting the middle ear to the back of the throat, is often dysfunctional, leading to fluid build-up.

The same bacteria found in AOM (acute otitis media) are also present in OME, but in smaller amounts.

The most frequently found bacteria in AOM and OME are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

OME can lead to hearing loss in children, particularly conductive loss.

Children with OME may experience delays in speech and language development due to hearing loss.

Pneumatic otoscopy is used to diagnose OME by examining the tympanic membrane (eardrum) for fluid buildup.

The tympanic membrane in OME appears opaque yellow or blue due to the fluid behind it.

A bulging (protruding) tympanic membrane (eardrum) is a sign of acute otitis media (AOM), while a retracted or neutral tympanic membrane is typically seen in otitis media with effusion (OME).

In otitis media with effusion (OME), air-fluid levels (a visible boundary between air and fluid) within the middle ear can be observed. This suggests the presence of fluid buildup.

Tympanometry measures the movement of the eardrum in response to air pressure changes, helping to assess the middle ear's function. It's an important tool for diagnosing OME.

The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the back of the throat. In OME, the Eustachian tube is often obstructed, preventing drainage of ear fluid and leading to negative pressure within the middle ear.

Treatment options for OME include watchful waiting, modification of risk factors (like smoking cessation), medical treatment (like nasal steroids), and surgery. The appropriate approach depends on the severity and duration of the condition.

Complications of OME can be either within the temporal bone (intratemporal) or within the skull (intracranial). Intratemporal complications include cholesteatoma, mastoiditis, and tympanosclerosis. Intracranial complications include meningitis, brain abscess, and lateral sinus thrombosis.

Laboratory tests (like cultures) are rarely used to diagnose OME. The diagnosis relies heavily on history taking and physical examination.

Plain radiography, CT scan, and MRI are imaging modalities that can be used to further investigate suspected complications of OME, especially in complex cases.

A period of watchful waiting for 3 months before considering intervention for Otitis Media with Effusion (OME), especially if the onset of symptoms is unknown.

The Eustachian tube needs to open and close to drain fluid from the middle ear. In children, this tube is shorter and more horizontal, making it harder to drain fluid and increasing the risk of OME.

The primary goal of OME management is to improve hearing. If hearing loss is significant (40dB or more), surgery is often recommended.

This procedure involves creating a small hole in the eardrum to drain fluid. It's often done in conjunction with placing a PE tube to help with drainage.

These tubes are small, hollow cylinders inserted into the eardrum to improve ventilation and drainage of fluid from the middle ear. They help prevent fluid build-up and hearing loss.

This surgery involves removing the adenoids, which are located at the back of the nose, to reduce inflammation and improve drainage from the middle ear.

This surgery involves removing the tonsils, which are located in the throat, to help improve drainage and reduce recurrent ear infections.

Most cases of OME resolve on their own without intervention, but untreated cases can persist for longer periods. Surgical intervention significantly improves the prognosis in children with persistent OME.