Other Viral Infections and Hyperthermia
45 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which type of abnormality is primarily caused by environmental and/or genetic factors during organogenesis?

  • Malformation (correct)
  • Anomaly
  • Disruption
  • Deformation

What causes deformations in fetal development?

  • Genetic mutations
  • Monogenic disorders
  • Mechanical forces (correct)
  • Vascular accidents

What is a common characteristic feature of fetal infection with Toxoplasmosis?

  • Microcephaly
  • Hearing loss
  • Cognitive impairment
  • Calcifications (correct)

Which condition is an example of disruption in fetal development?

<p>Bowel atresia due to a vascular accident (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses has been linked to malformations following maternal infection?

<p>Coxsackie virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which weeks of gestation do most malformations originate?

<p>Third to eighth weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is noted about the malformation rate after maternal infection with various viruses including measles and mumps?

<p>Malformation rates are low, if not nonexistent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about deformations is true?

<p>They often involve the musculoskeletal system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can carry the protozoan parasite Toxoplasmosis gondii?

<p>Domestic animals, especially cats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can be caused by both Toxoplasmosis and Syphilis during pregnancy?

<p>Birth defects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which infectious agent is currently significantly reduced in causing birth defects due to widespread immunity?

<p>Rubella (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential serious outcome of a cytomegalovirus infection in a fetus?

<p>Meningoencephalitis leading to mental retardation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following infectious agents is known to often cause no symptoms in the mother but can lead to severe fetal complications?

<p>Cytomegalovirus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of birth defects are attributed to unknown causes?

<p>40% to 60% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much do genetic factors contribute to the occurrence of birth defects?

<p>Approximately 15% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these viruses is not mentioned as a cause of birth defects?

<p>Influenza virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the chances of having a major malformation for an infant with two minor anomalies?

<p>10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women are currently estimated to be immune to rubella?

<p>85% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the contribution of environmental factors to birth defects?

<p>10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Minor anomalies can indicate the presence of major defects. What is the likelihood of major malformations in infants with three or more minor anomalies?

<p>20% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women pregnant during the atomic bomb explosions over Hiroshima and Nagasaki gave birth to children who died in their first year of life?

<p>25% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can exposure to ionizing radiation during pregnancy affect the conceptus?

<p>It may result in virtually any type of birth defect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to being teratogenic, what other effect does radiation have on genetic material?

<p>It acts as a mutagenic agent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an effect of radiation exposure mentioned?

<p>Enhanced immune system response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women pregnant during the bomb explosions aborted their pregnancies?

<p>28% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is commonly used to describe the study of structural and functional disorders present at birth?

<p>Teratology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of liveborn infants are identified to have major structural anomalies at birth?

<p>2% to 3% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the significant consequences associated with birth defects in infants?

<p>Decreased life expectancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a synonym for birth defect?

<p>Genetic disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age range shows an increased identification of birth defects beyond liveborn infants?

<p>By age 5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect influences susceptibility to teratogenesis?

<p>Genotype of the conceptus and maternal genome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period is the conceptus most susceptible to teratogens?

<p>Third to eighth weeks of gestation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors determine the manifestations of abnormal development from teratogen exposure?

<p>Dose and duration of exposure to the teratogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pathogenesis of teratogens involve?

<p>Inhibition of specific biochemical processes and cellular phenomena (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of abnormal development from teratogen exposure?

<p>Enhanced cognitive abilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a syndrome in the context of abnormalities?

<p>A group of anomalies occurring together with a known cause. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an association differ from a syndrome?

<p>Associations are more frequent groupings of anomalies, but without established causes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a recognized association?

<p>VACTERL association. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recognition of components in an association can lead to what?

<p>The search for other abnormalities in the group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding a syndrome?

<p>It confirms the anomalies have an established common cause. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in assessing the impact of chemical agents on human abnormalities?

<p>Pregnant women frequently take many pharmaceutical drugs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug was notably linked to an increase in the frequency of amelia and meromelia?

<p>Thalidomide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the relationship between a teratogenic drug and a common defect go unnoticed?

<p>The drug may only cause rare abnormalities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of study is most commonly relied upon to assess the effects of pharmaceutical drugs taken during pregnancy?

<p>Retrospective studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can complicate the identification of teratogenic drugs among the various medications taken by pregnant women?

<p>Pregnant women take a large number of pharmaceutical drugs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Maternal Viral Infections

A group of infections that can cause birth defects in babies, but the risk is generally low.

Toxoplasmosis

A parasitic infection that can be transmitted through undercooked meat, pets, and contaminated soil, causing serious birth defects in babies.

Syphilis

A sexually transmitted infection that can result in serious birth defects.

Calcifications

A characteristic feature of babies infected with Toxoplasmosis in the womb, indicating the presence of the parasite.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Toxoplasmosis gondii

A protozoan parasite responsible for causing toxoplasmosis infection, often found in undercooked meat, cat feces, and contaminated soil.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Syndrome

A group of birth defects that occur together due to a known cause, often with a recognized pattern of inheritance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Association

The non-random occurrence of two or more birth defects together more often than expected by chance, but the underlying cause is unknown.

Signup and view all the flashcards

VACTERL Association

An example of an association where several birth defects occur together more frequently than expected by chance, including vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal, and limb anomalies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clinical Significance of Associations

Recognition of one or more components of an association can trigger a search for other anomalies within the group.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Syndrome vs. Association

Syndrome is a diagnosis, while Association is a pattern observed but not a definitive diagnosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytomegalovirus

A virus that can cause birth defects, especially if the mother is not immune. It can lead to serious complications like mental retardation or even death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Herpes Simplex Virus

A virus that can cause birth defects, often without noticeable symptoms in the mother. It can lead to serious complications like mental retardation or even death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rubella

A virus that can cause birth defects. Although now preventable, it was once a major cause of developmental problems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Varicella Virus

A virus that can cause birth defects. This virus can be acquired through contact with an infected person.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A virus that can cause birth defects. The virus can be transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Radiation and Birth Defects

Radiation can harm a developing baby, causing a wide range of birth defects depending on the exposure level and the stage of pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Radiation and Genetic Mutations

Radiation can damage the genetic material of reproductive cells, leading to birth defects in future generations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Radiation's Impact

A significant percentage of pregnant women exposed to the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki experienced severe pregnancy complications, including miscarriages, stillbirths, and birth defects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Radiation: A Teratogen

Radiation is considered a teratogen, a substance that can cause birth defects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Central Nervous System Defects from Radiation

Radiation can lead to a variety of birth defects, including those affecting the central nervous system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Teratology

The study of birth defects and their causes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dysmorphologist

A specialist who diagnoses and manages birth defects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Birth Defects

Structural abnormalities present at birth, often caused by genetic or environmental factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Birth Defects and Infant Mortality

The leading cause of infant mortality, affecting approximately 21% of infant deaths.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Associations in Birth Defects

The occurrence of two or more birth defects together more often than expected by chance, but the underlying cause is unknown.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Malformations

Birth defects that occur during the formation of structures, typically during organogenesis, due to genetic and/or environmental factors. They can be thought of as errors in construction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deformations

Birth defects that occur due to mechanical forces that mold a part of the fetus over a prolonged period, like compression in the womb. They can often be corrected after birth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Disruptions

Birth defects that are caused by destructive processes that alter already formed structures, like a vascular accident that disrupts normal development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Critical Period for Malformations

The time period during the third to eighth weeks of gestation when most malformations occur due to rapid organ development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deformation

Clubfeet, which are caused by compression in the amniotic cavity, are an example of what type of birth defect?

Signup and view all the flashcards

Genetic Factors and Birth Defects

Genetic factors, such as chromosome abnormalities and mutant genes, contribute to approximately 15% of birth defects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Environmental Factors and Birth Defects

Environmental factors, such as exposure to toxins or infections during pregnancy, account for around 10% of all birth defects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Minor Anomalies

Minor anomalies are small physical differences, like a small ear or a pigmented spot, that occur in about 15% of newborns. While often harmless, they can be associated with major birth defects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multiple Minor Anomalies

The presence of multiple minor anomalies, such as three or more, significantly increases the risk of having major birth defects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ear Anomalies and Birth Defects

Ear anomalies are a common indicator of other birth defects, especially those associated with syndromes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Teratogen

A substance that can cause birth defects in a developing fetus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amelia/Meromelia

A type of birth defect where there is a total or partial absence of limbs, often associated with thalidomide exposure during pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Challenge in Studying Chemical Agents

The primary challenge in studying chemical agents and their potential for causing birth defects is that many pregnant women take various drugs, making it difficult to isolate the effects of a specific agent.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Susceptibility to teratogens

The timing of exposure to a teratogen during pregnancy significantly impacts the severity and type of birth defect. The period of embryogenesis, between the third and eighth weeks of gestation, is particularly sensitive.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Susceptibility to teratogenesis

An agent's ability to cause birth defects depends on the genetic makeup of the developing embryo and the mother's genetic influence on factors like drug metabolism and immunity, creating a unique susceptibility profile.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dose and duration exposure

The severity of birth defects is directly linked to the dosage and duration of exposure to a teratogen. Higher doses and longer exposures usually lead to more severe defects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Teratogen mechanisms

Teratogens exert their effects by interfering with specific cellular processes, leading to abnormal development. These mechanisms may involve blocking crucial biochemical reactions or disrupting cell growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Birth defect manifestations

Birth defects can manifest in various ways, including death, malformations, growth retardation, and functional impairments. The type of defect depends on the affected organ or system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Other Viral Infections and Hyperthermia

  • Malformations following maternal infection with measles, mumps, hepatitis, poliomyelitis, echovirus, coxsackie virus, and influenza virus have been described.
  • Prospective studies indicate that the malformation rate after exposure to these agents is low if not nonexistent.
  • Toxoplasmosis and syphilis cause birth defects.
  • Poorly cooked meat; domestic animals, especially cats; and feces in contaminated soil can carry the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii.
  • A characteristic feature of fetal toxoplasmosis infection is calcifications.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Explore the impacts of various viral infections and conditions like hyperthermia on fetal development. This quiz covers maternal infections such as measles, mumps, and the implications of Toxoplasmosis. Learn about the associated risks and malformations linked to these infections.

More Like This

bacteria and viral deer mod 12
10 questions

bacteria and viral deer mod 12

LucidHarmony avatar
LucidHarmony
Clinical implications of viral infections of the bowel
68 questions

Clinical implications of viral infections of the bowel

TerrificHawthorn337 avatar
TerrificHawthorn337
Viral infections
27 questions

Viral infections

ReadyNiobium avatar
ReadyNiobium
Viral Infections and Immunology Quiz
8 questions

Viral Infections and Immunology Quiz

PleasantHedgehog3553 avatar
PleasantHedgehog3553
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser