Other Personality Traits Models

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Which major model, in addition to the Five-Factor Model, has been proposed by Hans Eysenck?

Extraversion-Neuroticism Model (correct)

Introvert-Stable Model

Seven-Factor Model

Personality Variation Model

What did Hans Eysenck believe could account for many of the differences in personality?

Extraversion and Neuroticism (correct)

Neuroticism and Conscientiousness

Extraversion and Openness

Agreeableness and Conscientiousness

According to Eysenck, what type of introvert would be shy and nervous?

Social introvert

Stable introvert

Neurotic introvert (correct)

Calm introvert

How did Eysenck relate introverts' behavior to their underlying biology?

Through too much sensory stimulation and arousal Signup and view all the answers

In Eysenck's model, what did he suggest about introverts wanting quiet settings?

They seek less stimulating environments Signup and view all the answers

What did Jeffrey Gray propose regarding the relationship between broad traits and brain systems?

Broad traits are related to reward and avoidance systems in the brain Signup and view all the answers

In Eysenck's model, what did he suggest about stable introverts' preference for social situations?

They prefer solitary activities but with a calm attitude Signup and view all the answers

What is a concern with using personality ratings in high-stakes testing?

Raters may present themselves overly favorably. Signup and view all the answers

What bias is reflected in personality ratings according to Vazire & Carlson (2011)?

Self-enhancement bias Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals base their self-perceptions according to Heine, Buchtel, & Norenzayan (2008)?

By comparing themselves to others in their reference group. Signup and view all the answers

What might motivate individuals to downplay their less desirable characteristics?

Fear of judgment Signup and view all the answers

In what situations is the self-enhancement bias particularly concerning?

High-stakes testing scenarios Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the reference group have on self-perceptions?

It influences self-perceptions relative to others. Signup and view all the answers

Why might individuals see themselves as relatively conscientious even if they are not particularly conscientious in an absolute sense?

Comparison to their reference group Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'objective' refer to in objective tests?

The method used to score responses Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is the most familiar and widely used for assessing personality?

Objective tests Signup and view all the answers

In objective tests, how are responses typically scored?

According to a pre-existing key Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of summing up responses to items assessing various traits in objective tests?

To create an overall personality score Signup and view all the answers

According to Meyer and Kurtz (2006), what is 'objective' about administering objective tests?

The scoring method based on a key Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of response options used in objective tests?

Open-ended questions Signup and view all the answers

What is used to classify or interpret a test-taker's responses in objective tests?

Pre-existing key Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical model suggests that people are actively striving to achieve clear goals?

Humanistic models Signup and view all the answers

In psychodynamically oriented theories, what is proposed about people's insight into their feelings and motives?

They lack insight into their feelings and motives Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason given in the text for not directly asking people about nonconscious factors according to psychodynamic theories?

People lack insight into nonconscious factors Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which theoretical model emphasizes the importance of directly asking individuals about themselves and their goals?

Humanistic models Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological characteristic is NOT mentioned as part of what personality psychology studies in the text?

Memory Signup and view all the answers

What do humanistically oriented models argue about people's goals?

Goals are well-defined and actively pursued Signup and view all the answers

Why does it make sense to ask individuals directly about themselves and their goals in humanistically oriented models?

Because they have clear goals and are actively striving to achieve them Signup and view all the answers

What is one key advantage of using self-report measures in personality research?

Access to a wealth of information about oneself Signup and view all the answers

Why are self-raters considered to have an advantage in personality assessment?

They can access their own thoughts and feelings directly Signup and view all the answers

Which type of personality test is the most widely used in modern personality research?

Self-report measures Signup and view all the answers

What did Roberts et al. (2007) find self-rated personality to predict?

Occupational attainment, divorce, and mortality outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Why are self-report personality tests viewed as cost-effective?

They are simple, easy, and inexpensive to administer Signup and view all the answers

What type of individuals are often incentivized with extra course credit for participating in studies involving self-report measures?

College students Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome is NOT mentioned as being predicted by self-ratings of conscientiousness?

Criminal behavior Signup and view all the answers

Why do self-raters have direct access to their own thoughts, feelings, and motives?

'Who knows more about you than yourself,' as stated in the text Signup and view all the answers