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Abdomen Anatomy 3 Lecture Notes

• Lecturer: Dr. Omer Musa Mohamed Musa
• Course: Abdomen 3
• Date: 04/11/2024
• Learning Outcomes: Students should be able to describe abdominal organs, understand their relation, position, and parts, and understand their neurovascular supply.

Contents

• Spleen: A relatively delicate, vulnerable abdominal organ located in the left upper quadrant (LUQ).
• Pancreas: An accessory digestive gland behind the stomach between the duodenum (right) and spleen (left). It has endocrine and exocrine functions.
• Liver: The largest gland in the body, after the skin. It stores glycogen and produces bile, which helps in fat emulsification. The liver lies mainly in the right upper quadrant.
• Gallbladder and Biliary System: Part of the digestive system that stores and concentrates bile. Bile is produced continuously by the liver.
• Kidneys: Located retroperitoneally on the posterior abdominal wall, one on each side of the vertebral column between T12 and L3 vertebrae.
• Ureter: Muscular ducts that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
• Suprarenal Glands: Located between the kidneys and the diaphragm, surrounded by fat.

Regional Anatomy of Abdomen

• Right Hypochondriac: Contains the liver, gallbladder, part of the small intestine, and the right kidney.
• Epigastric: Houses the stomach, liver, pancreas, and spleen.
• Left Hypochondriac: Contains the spleen and part of the colon.
• Right Lumbar: Contains the gallbladder, liver, and part of the colon.
• Umbilical: Contains parts of the small intestine, duodenum, and the umbilicus.
• Left Lumbar: Contains the descending colon and left kidney.
• Right Iliac: Contains the appendix and cecum.
• Hypogastric: Contains the urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, and female reproductive organs (in females).
• Left Iliac: Contains the descending colon and sigmoid colon.

Spleen Detailed Information

• Shape and Location: The spleen is ovoid, usually purplish, pulpy and its size is about the size of the fist. It is located in the superolateral part of the left upper quadrant (LUQ), or hypochondrium of the abdomen.
• Relations:
  • Posteriorly: Diaphragm
  • Anteriorly: Stomach (stomach bed)
  • Inferiorly: Left colic flexure
  • Medially: Left kidney
• Size: Approximately 12 cm long, 7 cm wide and 1 inch thick. It weighs approximately 7 ounces.
• Protection of the spleen: It is covered by the ribs and the inferior thoracic cage, this area protects the spleen from injury.
• Vascularity: The high vascularity of the spleen means it is vulnerable to internal bleeding if injured. (blunt trauma)

Blood Supply of the Spleen

• Artery: Splenic artery (largest branch of the celiac trunk)
• Vein: Splenic vein. The splenic vein unites with the superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein, which then takes nutrients to the liver.

Pancreas Detailed Information

• Location: Retroperitoneally, overlying and transversely crossing the bodies of L1 and L2 vertebrae. Posterior to the stomach, between the duodenum on the right and the spleen on the left.
• Parts Head, Neck, Body, and Tail

Liver Detailed Information

• Location: Primarily in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.
• Protected Area: Protected by the thoracic cage and the diaphragm.
• Normal Position: Deep to ribs 7-11 on the right and extending into the left hypochondrium and upper epigastrium.
• Size: Approximately 1,500g (1.5kg) in weight.
• Functions: Produces bile, processes nutrients absorbed during digestion from the gastrointestinal tract, stores glycogen, processes many metabolic activities.
• Blood Supply (Dual): -Hepatic Portal Vein: 75-80% blood flow; carries majority of the nutrients from digestion. -Hepatic Artery: 20-25%; supplies primarily oxygen.

Biliary System (Gallbladder) Detailed Information

• Location and Shape: The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ located on the visceral surface of the liver, embedded in its fossa for the gallbladder. It's about 7-10cm long
• Function: Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.
• Location Relation to Duodenum: The body of the gallbladder lies anterior to the superior part of the duodenum, whereas the neck and cystic duct are superior to the duodenum itself.

Kidneys, Ureters, and Suprarenal Glands

• Kidneys: Retroperitoneal on either side of the vertebra at level T12 to L3. They produce urine.
• Ureters: Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
• Suprarenal Glands: Located between the kidneys and the diaphragm.

Lymphatic Drainage of Liver , pancreas, spleen ,kidney

• The lymphatic vessels of these organs follow their blood vessels, draining into the superior mesenteric lymph nodes or the celiac lymph nodes.

Nerves to these organs

• The nerves of the organs are derived from the celiac plexus and the vagus, and splanchnic nerves.