ch 5 keywords

Key Words

• Absolute Threshold: Minimum stimulus energy needed for detection 50% of the time.
• Afterimage: Visual sensation that continues after stimulus removal.
• Amplitude: Height of a wave.
• Basilar Membrane: Thin tissue in the cochlea containing hair cells (auditory receptors).
• Binaural Cue: Two-eared cue for sound localization.
• Binocular Cue: Information from both eyes for depth perception.
• Binocular Disparity: Slightly different views each eye receives.
• Blind Spot: Visual field portion that cannot receive information due to no photoreceptors.
• Bottom-up Processing: Building perceptions starting from sensory input.
• Closure: Organizing perceptions into complete objects.
• Cochlea: Snail-shaped structure containing auditory receptor cells.
• Cochlear Implant: Electronic device stimulating the auditory nerve.
• Conductive Hearing Loss: Vibration failure of eardrum or ossicles.
• Cone: Specialized photoreceptor responding to bright light and color.
• Congenital Deafness: Hearing loss from birth.
• Congenital Analgesia: Genetic disorder causing inability to experience pain.
• Cornea: Transparent covering over the eye.
• Deafness: Partial or complete hearing loss.
• Decibel (dB): Logarithmic unit of sound intensity.
• Depth Perception: Ability to perceive depth.
• Electromagnetic Spectrum: All electromagnetic radiation.
• Figure-Ground Relationship: Segmenting the visual field into figure and background.
• Fovea: Small depression with concentrated cones in the retina.
• Frequency: Number of waves passing a point per given time.
• Gestalt Psychology: Perception of the whole being different from its parts.
• Good Continuation: Perceiving continuous, smooth lines rather than broken ones.
• Hair Cell: Auditory receptor cells in the inner ear.
• Hertz (Hz): Unit for measuring frequency (cycles per second).
• Inattentional Blindness: Failure to notice something clearly visible.
• Incus: Middle ear ossicle (anvil).
• Inflammatory Pain: Signal from tissue damage.
• Interaural Level Differences: Differences in sound intensity between ears.
• Interaural Timing Differences: Differences in sound arrival time between ears.
• Iris: Colored portion of the eye.
• Just Noticeable Difference: Minimum difference detectable between stimuli.
• Kinesthesia: Perception of body movement.
• Lens: Curved structure in the eye that focuses light.
• Linear Perspective: Depth perception using parallel lines converging in an image.
• Malleus: Middle ear ossicle (hammer).
• Meissner's Corpuscle: Touch receptor responding to pressure.
• Ménière's Disease: Inner ear disorder with hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo.
• Merkel's Disk: Touch receptor responding to light touch.
• Monocular Cue: Depth cues using one eye.
• Monocular Cue: Depth cues using only one eye.
• Neuropathic Pain: Pain from damage to neurons.
• Nociception: Detection of potentially harmful stimuli (pain).
• Olfactory Bulb: Brain structure where olfactory nerves start.
• Olfactory Receptors: Sensory cells for smell.
• Opponent-Process Theory: Color perception based on opposing pairs (red-green, etc.).
• Optic Chiasm: Structure where fibres from the optic nerves crossover.
• Optic Nerve: Carries visual information between eye and brain.
• Ossicles: Three tiny bones in middle ear: malleus, incus, and stapes.
• Pacinian Corpuscle: Touch receptor responding to pressure and vibration.
• Pattern Perception: Recognizing different figures and shapes.
• Peak/Crest: Highest point of a wave.
• Perception: How sensory information is interpreted.
• Perceptual Hypothesis: Educated guess to interpret sensory information.
• Pheromone: Chemical signal between individuals.
• Photoreceptor: Light-detecting cell in the eye.
• Pinna: Outer ear structure.
• Pitch: Perception of sound frequency.
• Place Theory: Pitch perception related to basilar membrane stimulation location.
• Principle of Closure: Filling in gaps to perceive complete objects.
• Principle of Proximity: Grouping things that are close together.
• Proprioception: Perception of body position in space.
• Pupil: Opening in the eye regulating light intake.
• Retina: Light-sensitive lining of the eye.
• Rod: Specialized photoreceptor for low light conditions.
• Ruffini Corpuscle: Touch receptor detecting skin stretch.
• Sensation: Initial detection of sensory information.
• Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve.
• Sensory Adaptation: Reduced responsiveness to consistent stimuli.
• Signal Detection Theory: Influence of current mental state on stimulus perception.
• Similarity: Grouping similar items together.
• Stapes: Middle ear ossicle (stirrup).
• Subliminal Message: Message below conscious awareness threshold.
• Taste Bud: Grouping of taste receptor cells.
• Temporal Theory: Pitch perception related to frequency of sensory neuron firing.
• Thermoception: Perception of temperature.
• Timbre: Quality of a sound.
• Top-Down Processing: Perception influenced by previous knowledge.
• Transduction: Sensory stimulus energy conversion to neural impulses (action potential).
• Trichromatic Theory: Color perception from three cone types.
• Trough: Lowest point of a wave.
• Tympanic Membrane: Eardrum.
• Umi: Taste for monosodium glutamate.
• Vestibular Sense: Sense for balance and body posture.
• Visible Spectrum: Portion of electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can detect.
• Wavelength: Distance between two peaks of waves.

Supplementary Note

These are key words and concepts listed in the provided text. A more comprehensive study guide would need more detail and explanations.