Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one of the primary roles of the CDC in relation to global health?
What is one of the primary roles of the CDC in relation to global health?
Which organization is dedicated to advancing global health policies and programs?
Which organization is dedicated to advancing global health policies and programs?
Which of the following activities is the CDC NOT primarily involved in?
Which of the following activities is the CDC NOT primarily involved in?
What type of funding mainly supports the Global Health Council?
What type of funding mainly supports the Global Health Council?
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Which initiative is associated with the CDC's involvement in global health?
Which initiative is associated with the CDC's involvement in global health?
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Why was the WHO established in relation to global health?
Why was the WHO established in relation to global health?
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What year was the CDC founded?
What year was the CDC founded?
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What is a key focus area for the CDC concerning public health?
What is a key focus area for the CDC concerning public health?
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What is the primary focus of global health challenges?
What is the primary focus of global health challenges?
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According to the World Health Organization, which statement best defines health?
According to the World Health Organization, which statement best defines health?
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Which factor is NOT considered a determinant of health in global health policies?
Which factor is NOT considered a determinant of health in global health policies?
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Which of the following is a key concept in global health?
Which of the following is a key concept in global health?
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What does the Institute of Medicine emphasize about global health issues?
What does the Institute of Medicine emphasize about global health issues?
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Which of the following is NOT a systemic factor influencing health?
Which of the following is NOT a systemic factor influencing health?
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Which demographic change can significantly impact global health?
Which demographic change can significantly impact global health?
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What overarching theme is associated with global health besides health itself?
What overarching theme is associated with global health besides health itself?
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Which of the following is a barrier to achieving health equity globally?
Which of the following is a barrier to achieving health equity globally?
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Which of the following factors is typically NOT included in the determinants of health?
Which of the following factors is typically NOT included in the determinants of health?
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What is epilepsy often misinterpreted as in some cultures?
What is epilepsy often misinterpreted as in some cultures?
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What does the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) program primarily assess?
What does the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) program primarily assess?
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Which period is characterized by significant public health developments like the birth of WHO?
Which period is characterized by significant public health developments like the birth of WHO?
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What does the term 'psychoses' refer to in the context of cultural health perspectives?
What does the term 'psychoses' refer to in the context of cultural health perspectives?
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Which of the following best describes a main outcome of the cholera pandemics between 1816 and 1899?
Which of the following best describes a main outcome of the cholera pandemics between 1816 and 1899?
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What is one of the main themes of diversity in health influenced by?
What is one of the main themes of diversity in health influenced by?
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Which organization was formed as a response to the increasing need for global health coordination after World War II?
Which organization was formed as a response to the increasing need for global health coordination after World War II?
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What percentage of the world’s population lacks access to essential healthcare services?
What percentage of the world’s population lacks access to essential healthcare services?
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Which of the following is NOT a challenge faced by developing countries in healthcare?
Which of the following is NOT a challenge faced by developing countries in healthcare?
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In high-burden countries like Africa, which factor is NOT mentioned as a challenge in responding to HIV?
In high-burden countries like Africa, which factor is NOT mentioned as a challenge in responding to HIV?
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Which of the following has the highest estimated annual death toll due to substance use?
Which of the following has the highest estimated annual death toll due to substance use?
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What was the estimated contribution of recreational drug use to the global burden of disease in 2017?
What was the estimated contribution of recreational drug use to the global burden of disease in 2017?
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Which socioeconomic determinant is mentioned as contributing to the spread of infectious diseases?
Which socioeconomic determinant is mentioned as contributing to the spread of infectious diseases?
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What is the estimated number of deaths caused annually by substance use excluding alcohol and tobacco?
What is the estimated number of deaths caused annually by substance use excluding alcohol and tobacco?
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Which method has been considered ineffective in addressing substance abuse?
Which method has been considered ineffective in addressing substance abuse?
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Which infectious disease is specifically mentioned as being facilitated by socioeconomic determinants?
Which infectious disease is specifically mentioned as being facilitated by socioeconomic determinants?
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What health service gap is particularly significant in developed countries?
What health service gap is particularly significant in developed countries?
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Which condition is directly linked to poorly cooking methods?
Which condition is directly linked to poorly cooking methods?
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What does the child mortality rate represent?
What does the child mortality rate represent?
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Which health statistic is defined as the number of deaths in infants under 1 year per 1,000 live births?
Which health statistic is defined as the number of deaths in infants under 1 year per 1,000 live births?
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What is one consequence of poor life circumstances as mentioned in the content?
What is one consequence of poor life circumstances as mentioned in the content?
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Which factor is implied to have a relationship with road safety?
Which factor is implied to have a relationship with road safety?
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What is the maternal mortality rate calculated per?
What is the maternal mortality rate calculated per?
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How does poor sanitation affect health according to the content?
How does poor sanitation affect health according to the content?
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What concept is described as the predominating attitudes and behavior of a group?
What concept is described as the predominating attitudes and behavior of a group?
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Which of the following indicates a direct relationship with addiction?
Which of the following indicates a direct relationship with addiction?
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What is the neonatal mortality rate associated with?
What is the neonatal mortality rate associated with?
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Study Notes
Managing Global Health Challenges
- Global health policies, healthcare disparities, and humanitarian healthcare address infectious and chronic diseases.
- Alfredo Galletti, Corporate Vice President and General Manager of Novo Nordisk Italia, presented. He has 20 years of experience in the company and is responsible for pricing and access for international operations.
Index
- What is "global Health" and the concept of health
- Key concepts in global health
- History of global health
- Global Health challenges and challenging factors
- Current & Future global health priorities
- Sustainable Development Goals
- Governance and main actors in global health
- Global Health and ethics
- Conclusions and final remarks
Global Health and the concept of Health
- WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
- Health is more than just being free of disease; it is about living well.
Life Expectancy by Continent
- Life expectancy across continents has risen over time but unevenly.
- Worldwide life expectancy has increased over time.
Key Concepts related to Global Health
- Determinants of health
- Measurement of health status
- Importance of culture to health
- Global burden of disease
- Organization and function of local health systems
Determinants of Health
- Personal/Social factors: genetic makeup, age, gender, lifestyle, community influences, income status, geographical location, culture, environment, work conditions, education, and access to health services
- Systemic factors: political stability, civil rights, environmental degradation, population growth, urbanization, and country development
Multi-cause-effect relationships
- Malnutrition leads to more susceptibility to disease.
- Cooking with wood and coal leads to respiratory diseases.
- Poor sanitation increases intestinal infections.
- Poor life circumstances correlate with STIs and HIV/AIDS.
- Advertising tobacco and alcohol relates to addiction and related diseases.
- Rapid growth in vehicular traffic, often with untrained drivers on unsafe roads, leads to road accidents.
The Measurement of Health Status
- Cause of death: data often limited and incomplete.
- Life expectancy at birth is the average lifespan expected.
- Infant mortality rate: deaths of infants under 1 per 1,000 births.
- Neonatal mortality rate: deaths among infants under 28 days per 1,000 live births.
- Child mortality rate: probability of a newborn dying before reaching age five.
- Maternal mortality rate: number of women dying during childbirth or pregnancy-related complications per 100,000 births.
Key Concepts on Global Health
- Determinants of health, Measurement of health status, Importance of culture to health, and Global burden of disease, and The organization and function of local health systems
Culture and Health
- Culture significantly impacts health perspectives and behaviors.
- Traditional health systems exist (herbal medicine, faith healers).
- Beliefs and practices (e.g., epilepsy as a possession, mental health explanations).
- Cultural diversity, marginalization, and vulnerabilities affect health.
The global burden of disease (GBD)
- GBD is a global research program that evaluates the impact of diseases, injuries, and risk factors.
- GBD involves over 12,000 researchers from 160 countries and has tracked data from 1990 onwards.
The Organization and Function of Health Systems
- Universal coverage with single-payer systems (everyone covered by national health plan).
- Universal coverage with multi-payer systems (national health systems with competing insurers).
- Multi-payer systems with no universal coverage (not everyone has coverage).
- No national healthcare infrastructure.
History of global health
- The historical exploration and tropical medicine eras highlight the devastating impact of infectious diseases.
- Global cholera pandemics occurred between 1816 and 1899.
- The 1900s saw the development of international health organizations and programs to address these global challenges.
- The 1980s saw a focus on HIV and related health issues.
Smallpox - a (once deadly) disease
- Smallpox is the first and only infectious disease to be eradicated in humans.
- The virus caused permanent health complications and high mortality rates before eradication.
- The eradication campaign used a global vaccination program.
- Jenner's observation of the resistance of milkmaids to smallpox led to the first smallpox vaccine.
The fight against Polio
- Polio is an infectious disease transmitted by the poliovirus, that can cause paralysis and death.
- The disease spreads in conditions of poor sanitation.
- A global eradication initiative helped reduce cases significantly.
- Two of three types of wild poliovirus have been eradicated worldwide.
The challenges to global health
- Increased healthcare costs
- Widening health disparities
- Macroeconomic issues
- Healthcare worker shortages
- Anti-microbial resistance
- Urbanization
- Ageing population
Scientific advancement
- FDA and NBE approvals for chemical entities and biologics over time.
Digital innovation
- Disease identification algorithms
- Personalized treatment and biomarker recognition
- Robotic surgery and clinical trial research
Macroeconomic issues
- Historical data of Health spending and GDP growth.
- Wide variation in healthcare expenditure as a percentage of GDP across countries.
Widening disparities
- Significant health disparities exist, with some countries experiencing much higher rates of mortality and poorer life expectancy than others.
Ageing of population
- Common diseases of ageing include cardiovascular, chronic respiratory, communicable, diarrhoeal, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Anti-microbial resistance
- Overuse of antimicrobial drugs leads to resistant pathogens and challenges in the management of infectious diseases.
- Global measures (e.g., antimicrobial stewardship, infection prevention), are required to address this.
The current & future priorities
- Various global health challenges are addressed.
- Future needs include the support for health systems, access to care, and mitigating risks associated with climate, environment, and urbanization.
Future health challenges on NCDs
- Burden of chronic diseases vary across income classes.
Lifestyle and communicable diseases
- Malnutrition and food insecurity
- Infection diseases
- Substance abuse
Sexual and reproductive health
- Inadequate CSE
- Adolescent pregnancies
- Unsafe abortions
- Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Cancer
- High incidence and mortality rates globally.
- Risk factors include lifestyle, environment, and genetic predisposition.
- Infections are frequently associated with cancer (e.g., Helicobacter pylori, Hepatitis B & C, human papillomavirus).
- Treatment access and affordability vary greatly based on geography and access to healthcare.
Diabetes
- Increasing worldwide prevalence
- Type 1 and 2 diabetes; gestational diabetes each with its own complications and risk factors .
Obesity
- Several comorbid health complications
- Risk factors linked to reduced lifespan
Sustainable Development Goals
- Global goals to address global health challenges.
Governance and main actors in global health
- Key stakeholders involved in developing and implementing global health policies and programs.
Global Health and ethics
- Ethical considerations in addressing global health crises.
Conclusions and take-home messages
- Key concepts and messages (e.g. changing definition of health, global commitment, and fragmentation of global space.)
Main actors in global health
- Organisations and stakeholders influencing and shaping global health policies and actions.
The World Health Organization (WHO)
- Functions
- Action framework
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- Financing mechanism, not implementation.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
- Contributions to global health initiatives
Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
- Global health partnership to address immunization gaps.
World Diabetes Foundation
- Aims to improve diabetes prevention and care.
Anti-microbial resistance
- Overuse and misuse of antimicrobial drugs
- Increased resistance across various pathogens
Climate Change
- Significant health threat
Environmental Pollution
- Attributable to the ingestion of microplastics, and toxic heavy metals and air and household pollution, which may lead to health impacts and increase the risk of malignancy.
Health systems
- The need for access to health services, care, and affordable treatment.
Infectious diseases
- Pandemics and the importance of preparedness
- Socioeconomic determinants and limited access to resources.
- Transmission risks and unique challenges.
Substance abuse
- Impacts of substance use (excluding alcohol and tobacco).
- Shift from infectious diseases to non-infectious ones.
Mental Health
- Important global issue.
- Impact of crises
- Prevalence increasing
Malnutrition and food
- Global issues linked to the severity of health complications
Sexual and reproductive health
- Critical considerations to protect the rights and health of all demographics
- Factors linked to improved outcomes
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