Osteoporosis Quiz

Osteoporosis Diagnosis and Risk Factors

• Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the main method for diagnosing osteoporosis, measuring bone mineral density.
• Advanced age is a significant risk factor for osteoporosis, increasing susceptibility to bone density loss.
• Other risk factors include gender (female), family history, low body weight, and certain medications.

Osteoporosis Treatment

• Bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, contributing to increased bone density and reduced fracture risk.
• Common bisphosphonates include alendronate and risedronate.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Joints commonly affected by rheumatoid arthritis include the wrists, fingers, knees, and toes, often leading to inflammation and pain.
• Methotrexate acts as a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, reducing inflammation and slowing disease progression.

Pain Management Medications

• COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib, target the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme, reducing pain and inflammation while preserving gastrointestinal mucosa.
• Opioids and opioid analgesics primarily act by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, altering pain perception.

Osteoarthritis Insights

• The primary risk factor for degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) is aging, with mechanical wear and tear on joints contributing significantly.
• Common symptoms of osteoarthritis include joint pain, stiffness, and swelling, particularly after periods of inactivity.

Opioid Overdose Management

• Naloxone is the antidote for opioid and opioid analgesic overdose, rapidly reversing effects and restoring normal respiratory function.