32 Questions
Which factor contributes to an increased risk of knee OA?
Prolonged standing
What accounts for 60% of hand and hip OA and 40% of knee OA?
Genetic factors
What is a common risk factor for developing knee OA?
High BMI
Which occupation is associated with a higher prevalence of knee OA?
Occupations requiring kneeling
What increases the risk of hip OA?
Abnormal hip shape
Which factor accounts for 40% of knee OA?
Genetic factors
Which joint is commonly affected by osteoarthritis?
Knee
What type of cartilage is present in a synovial joint?
Hyaline cartilage
What is the role of synovial fluid in a synovial joint?
Removes waste products
What happens to the joint space in osteoarthritis?
Reduces due to cartilage loss
What is the characteristic feature of osteoarthritis pain at rest?
Severe and continuous
What happens to the cartilage layer in osteoarthritis?
Thins, making underlying bone less protected
What is the appearance of damaged cartilage in osteoarthritis?
Brownish-grey
What are the common signs of osteoarthritis?
Joint swelling and warmth
What is a characteristic feature of OA that distinguishes it from other conditions?
Pain relieved by movement.
What role does the synovial membrane play in a synovial joint?
Secretes synovial fluid and lubricates the joint.
Which type of pain sensation is typically associated with minimal tissue damage?
Burning and pricking
What do small diameter afferent nerve fibers underlie?
Fast and low pain
What does a person's response to pain reflect?
Strength and severity of nociceptor activation
What is the role of nociceptors in pain perception?
They signal the strength and location of actual or potential tissue-damaging stimuli
What aspect of pain does the variable quality of pain sensations represent?
The response to pain
What is the characteristic feature of prolonged pain sensations?
Accompanies greater degree of tissue damage
Which chemical mediator can sensitize the response of nociceptors to normal stimuli?
Substance P
Where do nociceptive afferents make synaptic connections with second-order neurons that transmit information to higher centres?
Dorsal horn
What type of reflex involves several muscle groups and operates over several spinal levels?
Polysynaptic reflex
What is the role of Substantia gelatinosa (SG) cells in pain modulation?
Presynaptic inhibition of nociceptive afferent terminals
What is transmitted to spinal cord via nociceptive afferent nerves and influences reflex activity?
Pain information
Which chemical mediator can activate nociceptive nerve terminals directly?
Bradykinin
Where do polysynaptic reflexes involving nociceptive afferents operate?
Several spinal levels
Which pathway do second-order neurons (transmission [T] cells) use to transmit pain information to higher centres?
Lateral spinothalamic pathway
What is the role of chemical mediators in initiating the inflammatory response?
Initiating inflammatory response
What coordinates the autonomic, psychological, and emotional response to pain?
Spinoreticular tract
Test your knowledge about the symptoms and risk factors associated with osteoarthritis (OA) and other forms of arthritis. Learn about the indications of inflammation within a joint, joint dysfunction, and various risk factors such as age, sex, and weight.
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