Questions and Answers
What is the skeleton of bony fish made of?
It is made up entirely of bone.
What is operculum?
Flap covering gill openings.
Name features of bony fish.
Operculum, terminal mouth, dermal scales, homocercal tail, paired nostrils, swim bladder.
What subclasses was Class Osteichthyes traditionally divided into?
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What are Sarcopterygii?
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What are Actinopterygii?
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Name three distinct classes of bony fishes.
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What is the body type of yellow perch?
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What is stripe coloration?
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What sections is the body of bony fish divided into?
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What do large lidless eyes in bony fish detect?
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What is the function of the iris in fish?
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How do external nostrils of fish function?
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Describe the anatomy of yellow perch ears.
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What are semicircular canals?
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What is the function of the air bladder in fish?
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How many gill slits does the yellow perch have?
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What does the position of the mouth indicate?
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What are the 3 mouth types in fish?
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Where are the taste organs of fish located?
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What is the lateral line system?
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How many unpaired median fins are there?
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How many paired fins are there?
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What are fin rays?
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What are scales?
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Name three types of scales.
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What are cycloid scales?
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What are ctenoid scales?
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What are ganoid scales?
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What happens to scales as fish grow?
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Study Notes
Skeleton Composition
- Bony fish skeletons are entirely made of bone.
Operculum
- Flap covering the gill openings, important for respiration.
Features of Bony Fish
- Distinct features include operculum, terminal mouth, dermal scales, homocercal tail, paired nostrils, and swim bladder.
Subclasses of Class Osteichthyes
- Traditionally divided into two subclasses: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) and Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes).
Sarcopterygii
- Characterized by lobe fins supported by a central appendage of bone and muscles, which evolved into legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates.
Actinopterygii
- Larger of the two subclasses, with fins formed by dermal fin rays and webs of skin; includes species like bass, goldfish, guppies, sea horses, sturgeons, and tuna.
Distinct Classes of Bony Fishes
- Three notable classes: Dipnoi (lungfish), Actinistia (coelacanths), and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes).
Yellow Perch Body Type
- Features a compressed body flat from side to side, with a fusiform shape.
Stripe Coloration
- Stripe pattern aids camouflage, helping perch blend among aquatic vegetation.
Body Sections
- Body divided into three sections: head, trunk, and tail.
Large Lidless Eyes
- Designed for detecting prey throughout the water, while small eyes are present in bottom-feeding fish.
Iris Function
- Controls the light entering the eye, remaining stationary due to minimal environmental variation.
External Nostrils
- Water enters through anterior nostrils, exiting via posterior nostrils; connects to a blind olfactory sac below the skin.
Anatomy of Yellow Perch Ears
- Lacks external ears; contains an internal ear with semicircular canals for balance.
Semicircular Canals
- Essential for balance, allowing fish to maintain proper orientation in water.
Air Bladder
- Linked to semicircular canals, it acts as a resonator for transmitting sound to the ear.
Gill Slits
- Yellow perch possess four gill slits for respiration.
Mouth Position
- The placement of the mouth indicates the feeding region within the water column.
Mouth Types
- Three types: superior mouth for surface feeding, terminal mouth for mid-water feeding, and inferior mouth for bottom feeding.
Location of Taste Organs
- Taste organs are situated in the skin of snouts, lips, mouths, and throats.
Lateral Line System
- A sensory system consisting of pores connected to canals, responsive to pressure and temperature changes in water.
Median Fins
- Yellow perch has two dorsal fins, one anal fin, and one caudal fin, totaling four unpaired median fins.
Paired Fins
- Consists of two pairs: pectoral and pelvic fins.
Fin Rays
- Fins are extensions of skin supported by bony fin rays for structural support.
Scales
- Overlapping epidermal outgrowths, resembling shingles on a roof.
Types of Scales
- Three types: cycloid, ctenoid, and ganoid.
Cycloid Scales
- Thin, smooth-edged scales found on ray-finned fishes, such as goldfish.
Ctenoid Scales
- Thin scales with serrated edges, characteristic of spiny-finned fishes.
Ganoid Scales
- Primitive and thick scales made of three layers: enamel, bone, and dentine.
Scale Growth
- Fish scales increase in size but not in number; lost scales can be replaced. Ridges on scales record age and growth rates, aiding in age determination and spawning cycle assessment.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Class Osteichthyes with these flashcards. Learn about the key features, anatomical terms, and the skeleton structure of bony fishes. Perfect for students studying ichthyology or marine biology.